抑郁症患者认知功能缺陷治疗的研究进展
Research Progress on the Treatment of Cognitive Deficits in Patients with Depression
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.121085, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 452  浏览: 886  科研立项经费支持
作者: 庞 辉, 宋京瑶*:重庆市长寿区第三人民医院精神科,重庆
关键词: 抑郁症认知功能治疗综述Depression Cognitive Function Treatment Review
摘要: 抑郁症是一种严重的致残性疾病,通常伴有认知功能缺陷,贯穿于整个疾病过程,导致疾病迁延不愈,目前备受学者广泛关注。如今,认知功能痊愈已成为抑郁症治疗的新目标,但目前关于抑郁症认知功能缺陷的治疗尚缺乏统一有效证据。本文就抑郁症患者认知功能缺陷药物治疗和非药物治疗的研究现状进行阐述,为进一步探索抑郁症患者认知缺陷的治疗提供参考依据。
Abstract: Depression is a serious disabling disease, usually accompanied by cognitive dysfunction, which runs through the entire disease process and causes the disease to persist. At present, it has attracted widespread scholars’ attention. Nowadays, the recovery of cognitive function has become a new goal in the treatment of depression, but there is still a lack of uniform and effective evidence for the treatment of cognitive deficits in depression. This article elaborates on the current research status of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for cognitive deficits in patients with depression, and provides a reference for further exploring the treatment of cognitive deficits in patients with depression.
文章引用:庞辉, 宋京瑶. 抑郁症患者认知功能缺陷治疗的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(1): 572-578. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.121085

1. 前言

抑郁症(Major Depressive Disorder, MDD)是最常见的一种严重精神障碍,占全球总人口的4.4% [1],具有发病率高、致残率高、复发率高以及死亡率高等特点。据WHO统计,预计2030年,抑郁症将位居全球疾病负担首位,给家庭及社会带来沉重负担。认知功能障碍是抑郁症的核心症状之一,美国精神病学会《精神疾病的诊断和统计手册》将认知功能障碍作为疾病诊断的标准之一 [2],主要表现包括注意力、记忆力、执行功能和反应速度等方面 [3],约2/3的抑郁症患者存在认知功能障碍 [4],首发和反复发作的抑郁症发生率为26%和50% [5] [6],急性发作期发生率高达94%,缓解期发生率高达44% [7]。研究发现,认知功能不仅发生在疾病发作期,且持续存在疾病缓解期,导致疾病迁延不愈,预后不良,增加家庭负担 [8]。因此,认知症状是抑郁症治疗中一个重大难题,为促进抑郁症全面康复,认知功能痊愈已成为抑郁症治疗的新目标。但目前关于抑郁症状认知功能的治疗仍缺乏统一有效证据,且国内相关综述报道匮乏。为此,本文就抑郁症患者认知功能缺陷药物治疗、物理治疗和心理治疗的研究现状进行阐述,为进一步探索抑郁症患者认知缺陷的治疗提供参考依据,对于抑郁症患者全面康复具有重要指导意义。

2. 药物干预

2.1. 选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂

近年研究表明,5-HT能系统缺陷假说是抑郁症的主要发病机制,5-HT功能低下与抑郁症的发生相关 [9]。抑郁症的认知功能损害是导致海马体积萎缩以及前额叶功能异常 [10]。SSRIs类作用于5HT1A/2A/2B受体,可调节前额叶皮层谷氨酸能GABA神经递质的释放,抑制突触前膜5-HT水平,提升5HT1A/2A/2B水平浓度,从而改善情绪及认知功能 [11] [12]。一项前瞻性、多中心、观察性研究发现,SSRI能改善抑郁症患者注意/警戒、学习、记忆、处理速度和执行功能多领域认知功能受损,同时发现,复发和严重认知功能障碍的抑郁症患者治疗后认知无反应的危险因素,提示临床上需要对此类患者治疗中采取更加积极的干预措施促进认知功能的缓解 [13]。Mahableshwarkar等研究发现,伏硫西汀可多维度改善抑郁症患者的执行功能、学习、记忆和注意力等,且多元回归分析显示,伏硫西汀对认知益处主要是直接治疗效果,而不是由于缓解抑郁症状引起 [14]。Sagud等学者进一步证实伏硫西汀在改善认知功能方面优于对照组(艾司西酞普兰治疗组),且患者的血浆BDNF水平与认知能力改善之间的程度呈正相关(r = 0.326, P = 0.010) [15]。另一项随机、双盲、探索性研究发现,伏硫西汀对治疗部分缓解重度抑郁症残留的认知功能疗效优于安慰组(SSRI单药治疗) [16]。除此之外,艾司西酞普兰 [17]、舍曲林 [18]、帕罗西汀 [19] 和氟西汀 [20] 也可不同程度多维度改善抑郁症患者的认知功能。

2.2. 选择性5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂

SNRIs可以抑制突触前膜5-HT水平,提升5-HT浓度,促进NE释放,激活a2受体,改善注意力。同时,NE能激动前额皮质谷氨酸能,延长神经网络的燃烧时间,改善工作性记忆。SNRIs还可引起前额叶皮质中脑神经营养因子的蛋白和mRNA上调,从而改变神经可塑性和神经连接,这些原理被认为是可能改善抑郁症认知症状的主要机制 [21]。但目前相关研究仍存在争议。一项系统性评价显示,SNRIs可改善抑郁症患者的记忆能力,其中,度洛西汀改善抑郁症患者认知症状的疗效优于SSRIs,但是,SNRIs对精神运动速度及执行功能无明显改善 [22]。加拿大指南指出,度洛西汀作为伴随认知症状的抑郁症患者的二线推荐药物 [23]。一项文拉法辛对脑卒中后抑郁(post-stroke depression, PSD)大鼠学习记忆障碍的研究发现,文拉法辛可改善PSD所致的学习记忆障碍,且模型组海马CA3区BDNF阳性细胞明显少于对照组,其机制可能与提高海马CA3区BDNF水平有关 [24]。同时,Tian等研究发现,文拉法辛可改善抑郁症患者的注意警觉和执行控制能力 [25]。但是,也有研究指出,文拉法辛不能显著改善抑郁症患者的注意、信息记忆及精神运动速度等认知症状,即使在临床治愈的患者中也同样如此 [26]。为此,目前SNRIs药物对抑郁症认知症状的疗效仍存在争议,仍需进一步重复研究证实。

2.3. 其它抗抑郁药

Nagane等 [27] 对三环类抗抑郁药(Tricyclic antidepressants, TCAs)与其他抗抑郁药疗抑郁症患者认知症状的研究发现,经过TCAs治疗的抑郁症患者在执行功能方面显著低于对照组,甚至会加重认知功能损害,导致这种原因可能与其抗胆碱能及组胺能效应所致,临床上对于认知功能损害的抑郁症患者谨慎使用。Soczynska等 [28] 研究发现,安非他酮可显著改善抑郁症患者的即时和延迟的语言和非语言记忆和工作学习能力。一项阿戈美拉丁治疗伴有明显认知功能缺陷患者的研究发现,74.3%的患者有反应,51.4%的患者病情缓解,提示阿戈美拉丁对抑郁症认知障碍的患者产生积极的效果 [29]。

2.4. 其它药物

对于急性期抑郁症伴失眠患者的治疗,是否联用苯二氮卓类药物仍存在争议,有学者认为联用苯二氮卓类药物会增加患者的认知功能受损 [30]。众多研究表明,内源性阿片类药物系统直接参与情绪调节,并在MDD中失调,这些可能是情绪障碍患者滥用阿片类药物的原因,解决MDD中内源性阿片类药物失调的方法可能成为抑郁症治疗中新型疗法 [31]。一项系统性综述显示,阿片受体可改善MDD患者的残留MDD患者残留的认知症状及预后,并且也成为耐药性MDD临床研究热点 [32]。Jacobson等研究发现,阿片受体拮抗剂可改善抑郁症患者的注意和执行功能 [33]。Liu等研究显示,补充多不饱和脂肪酸可改善小鼠的抑郁样行为,减少了神经炎症和脑血管功能障碍,最终改善了认知能力 [34]。有学者研究发现,氯胺酮、艾氯胺酮可改善MDD患者的视觉空间短期记忆、执行功能、处理速度以及与情景言语记忆等 [35],但除以上药物,在抗抑郁药物基础上,联合鼻内胰岛素 [36]、非甾体抗炎药 [37]、哌甲酯 [38] 等也有可能改善认知症状,但目前研究证据不足,需进一步研究佐证。

3. 非药物干预

3.1. 重复经颅磁刺激治疗

重复经颅磁刺激(Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, rTMS)是一种无创脑刺激方法,已被批准用于抑郁症的治疗,在临床上被广泛应用,而且为改善MDD患者的认知症状提供了一种新型前景的技术。有新的证据表明重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)可能具有神经认知增强能力,如Kavanaugh等 [39] 学者对抗抑郁治疗或治疗不耐受的MDD患者采用2线圈rTMS治疗发现,主动rTMS对情景记忆质量有显着影响,可能增强MDD患者的情景记忆能力。一项纳入11名MDD患者被纳入高频(10 Hz) rTMS研究发现,rTMS治疗显著改善了抑郁症状评分和认知功能评分,而且治疗后IL-1β水平降低。为此,推测rTMS对认知功能障碍的部分改善可能归因于外周IL-1β水平的降低 [40]。研究表明,rTMS治疗MDD对心理运动速度和认知控制具有有益的作用。由此可见,rTMS可以改善抑郁症的认知功能,其原理可能在于rTMS主要作用于前额叶背外侧区,此区域是调控情绪及认知的重要节点,也有可能与rTMS可调节不同脑区内的五羟色胺、N-甲基-D天冬氨酸等受体水平,从而影响刺激神经元兴奋性基因表达。

3.2. 无抽搐点休克治疗

电休克疗法(Electroshock, ECT)是治疗重性抑郁症的一种安全且高效的治疗方法。然而,由于担心对认知产生负面影响,ECT在抑郁症认知领域治疗中仍存在众多争议。研究发现,右侧单侧和双额组较双颞组MMSE得分改善,提示电极位置放置可影响ECT治疗后对认知功能的作用 [41]。Tian等研究发现,MECT治疗引起MDD患者的认知功能缺陷与白细胞介素-18水平异常相关,从而可推测与机体内促炎和抗炎机制的平衡失调相关 [42]。Du等研究发现 [43],单次MECT治疗患者右侧小脑后叶的ALFF显着降低,可以提高MDD患者的解决问题的能力,原因可能在于ECT治疗后可改变额叶皮层以及脑内某些区域的大脑功能发生变化。也王虎等学者报道,急性期ECT治疗可能对抑郁症患者认知功能有短暂不良影响,但随访3月后并没有长期的不良影响,甚至可改善患者的言语功能以及记忆能力 [44]。为此,未来仍需更多的临床研究进一步佐证ECT在抑郁症认知功能治疗中的疗效。

3.3. 计算机认知矫正治疗

计算机认知矫正治疗(CCRT)是一种新型的计算机技术,通过程序性学习、功能强化对患者针对性地进行记忆能力、执行功能等校正训练,从而提高患者解决问题及信息处理能力,改善其认知功能。谢新凤等 [45] 研究发现,CCRT显著改善抑郁症患者急性期的记忆功能,尤其在指向记忆、联想学习、图像记忆、图像再认等方面疗效更为显著,记忆且治疗时间越长,疗效越显著。Hargreaves [46] 研究表明,在抗抑郁基础上联用CCRT治疗可有效改善抑郁症患者急性期的认知损害症状,且疗效由于单一抗7654抑郁药物治疗。

3.4. 心理治疗

近年来,心理治疗在抑郁症的治疗中被广泛应用,通过心理治疗可缓解患者的抑郁情绪,调节负性认知,改善认知功能。姚烨等 [47] 采用认知行为治疗老年抑郁症患者的研究发现,认知行为治疗实验组干预后MMSE、MOCA认知问卷评分均高于较单使用SSRI药物组,表明认知行为治疗可改善老年抑郁症患者认知症状。也有学者研究发现,认知行为治疗联合社会性支持治疗不仅可以改善老年抑郁症患者抑郁情绪,而且可改善患者的认知症状 [48]。

4. 总结与展望

综上所述,抑郁症治疗不仅仅针对情绪障碍等核心症状,对其认知损害的治疗尤为重要。结合目前研究结果,SSRIs、SNRIs等药物治疗、物理治疗以及心理治疗对改善患者的认知症状虽有一定疗效,但对抑郁症认知功能的高质量研究较少,众多研究仍存在争议。目前研究仍存在不足之处,研究样本量较小、研究对象年龄层次不同以及抗抑郁药选择不同,尤其抗抑郁药的药物不良反应可能会影响其对认知症状的效应。未来需展开更多的大样本量、前瞻性研究,进一步佐证更有效的干预方法。其次,我们还需进一步探索抑郁症认知症状潜在的生物学机制,为开发针对性、精准的治疗策略提供方向。我们相信,未来通过众多学者努力,定会实现抑郁症“认知功能痊愈”治疗的新目标。

基金项目

重庆市长寿区科技计划项目(项目编号:CS2021031)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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