立体定向放射治疗对脑转移瘤患者短期神经认知功能及生活质量的影响
Effect of Stereotactic Radiotherapy on Short-Term Neurocognitive Function and Quality of Life in Patients with Brain Metastases
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2020.1011386, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 307  浏览: 486 
作者: 韩 雪*, 王冰睿, 彭 达:青岛大学医学部肿瘤学专业,山东 青岛;张继鹏:青岛大学医学部泌尿外科专业,山东 青岛;李红梅#:青岛大学附属医院肿瘤科,山东 青岛
关键词: 立体定向放射治疗脑转移瘤神经认知功能生活质量Stereotactic Radiotherapy Brain Metastases Neurocognitive Function Quality of Life
摘要: 目的:研究立体定向放射治疗(stereotactic radiotherapy, SRT)对脑转移瘤患者短期神经认知功能(neurocognitive function, NCF)及生活质量(quality of life, QoL)的影响。方法:以2019年1月~2020年3月在青岛市中心医院收治的行SRT的50例脑转移瘤患者为观察对象,依照患者放疗前有无神经系统症状分有神经症状组和无神经症状组,以简明精神状态量表(MMSE)为认知评估工具,日常生活能力量表(ADLS)为生活质量评估工具。分别于放疗前1周内、放疗结束时和放疗结束后3个月时行MMSE和ADLS评估,比较两组患者MMSE和ADLS分值的变化,分析SRT对脑转移瘤患者短期NCF和QoL的影响。结果有神经症状组SRT治疗前后MMSE结果比较:放疗结束时与放疗前1周比较(t = 10.25, P < 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗前1周比较(t = 18.38, P < 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗结束时比较(t = 13.60, P < 0.05);差异均有统计学意义。无神经症状组SRT治疗前后MMSE测试结果比较:放疗结束时与放疗前1周比较(t = 0.44, P > 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗前1周比较(t = 1.85, P > 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗结束时比较(t = 1.11, P > 0.05);差异均无统计学意义。有神经症状组SRT治疗前后ADL测试结果比较:放疗结束时与放疗前1周比较(t = 14.73, P < 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗前1周比较(t = 10.11, P < 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗结束时比较(t = 5.48, P < 0.05);差异均有统计学意义。无神经症状组SRT治疗前后ADL测试结果比较:放疗结束时与放疗前1周比较(t = 2.06, P > 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗前1周比较(t = 1.16, P > 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗结束时比较(t = 1.01, P > 0.05);差异均无统计学意义。经过SRT前后对比,两组患者脑转移瘤的缓解率[完全缓解(CR) + 部分缓解(PR)]分别为77.8% (21/27)和82.6% (19/23),其他均为疾病稳定(SD)状态,未见明显进展(PD)病例。结论SRT能够改善有神经症状的脑转移瘤患者的短期NCF和QoL,对于无神经症状脑转移瘤患者的短期NCF和QoL没有明显影响。
Abstract: Objective: To study the effect of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) on short-term neurocognitive function (NCF) and quality of life (QoL) in patients with brain metastases. Methods: Fifty patients with brain metastases undergoing SRT who were admitted to Qingdao Central Hospital from January 2019 to March 2020 were taken as observation objects. According to whether the patients had neurological symptoms before radiotherapy, they were divided into neurological symptoms group and non-neural symptoms group, using the Concise Mental State Scale (MMSE) as a cognitive assessment tool, and the Daily Life Ability Scale (ADLS) as a quality of life assessment tool. MMSE and ADLS were assessed within 1 week before radiotherapy, at the end of radiotherapy, and 3 months after radiotherapy. The changes in MMSE and ADLS scores of the two groups were compared, and the effect of SRT on short-term NCF and QoL in patients with brain metastases was analyzed. Results: Comparison of MMSE results before and after SRT treatment in the neurological symptom group: comparison between the end of radiotherapy and 1 week before radiotherapy (t = 10.25, P < 0.05); comparison of 3 months after the end of radiotherapy and 1 week before radiotherapy (t = 18.38, P < 0.05); 3 months after the end of radiotherapy compared with the end of radiotherapy (t = 13.60, P < 0.05); the differences were statistically significant. Comparison of MMSE test results before and after SRT treatment in the asymptomatic group: comparison between the end of radiotherapy and 1 week before radiotherapy (t = 0.44, P > 0.05); comparison of 3 months after the end of radiotherapy and 1 week before radiotherapy (t = 1.85, P > 0.05); 3 months after the end of radiotherapy compared with the end of radiotherapy (t = 1.11, P > 0.05); the difference was not statistically significant. Comparison of ADL test results before and after SRT treatment in the neurological symptom group: comparison between the end of radiotherapy and 1 week before radiotherapy (t = 14.73, P < 0.05); comparison of 3 months after the end of radiotherapy and 1 week before radiotherapy (t = 10.11, P < 0.05); 3 months after the end of radiotherapy compared with the end of radiotherapy (t = 5.48, P < 0.05); the differences were statistically significant. Comparison of ADL test results before and after SRT treatment in the asymptomatic group, at the end of radiotherapy and 1 week before radiotherapy (t = 2.06, P > 0.05); 3 months after the end of radiotherapy and 1 week before radiotherapy (t = 1.16, P > 0.05); 3 months after the end of radiotherapy compared with the end of radiotherapy (t = 1.01, P > 0.05); the difference was not statistically significant. After comparison before and after SRT, the remission rate of the two groups of patients with brain metastases [complete remission (CR) + partial remission (PR)] were 77.8% (21/27) and 82.6% (19/23), and the rest were stable disease (SD) status, no obvious progress (PD) cases. Conclusion: SRT can improve the short-term NCF and QoL of patients with brain metastases with neurological symptoms, but has no obvious effect on the short-term NCF and QoL of patients with brain metastases without neurological symptoms.
文章引用:韩雪, 张继鹏, 王冰睿, 彭达, 李红梅. 立体定向放射治疗对脑转移瘤患者短期神经认知功能及生活质量的影响[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(11): 2547-2554. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.1011386

1. 引言

脑转移瘤(Brain metastases, BM)是癌症最常见的神经系统并发症,也是最常见的脑肿瘤类型,20%~40% [1] 的恶性肿瘤患者在疾病的不同阶段都有脑转移发生。BM预后很差,自然病程约为1~3个月,会严重降低患者的生存时间,影响患者的认知功能及生活质量,经过治疗后,其中位生存时间也只有3~6个月,1年生存率为14%,2年生存率仅为7.6% [2]。BM的数量、大小、部位与其症状及生存时间有明显关系,对于脑转移瘤患者而言,有中枢神经系统症状预示了预后更差。优化总体生存率、提高生活质量是脑转移瘤治疗的总体目标,并优先保留神经认知功能。目前,脑转移有多种治疗方式,主要包括放疗、手术、化疗、分子靶向、免疫治疗,其中放疗在脑转移患者治疗中占据重要地位。全脑放疗(whole brain radiation therapy, WBRT)是BM患者主要治疗手段,单纯使用WBRT总缓解率可达到60%,6个月疾病控制率为50%,可以在1周至3周内使神经系统症状改善率达到70%~90% [3]。随着SRT的发展,WBRT在BM治疗中的地位逐渐降低,BM的放射治疗已从WBRT逐渐发展为各种放射策略[WBRT、手术 + WBRT、SRT + WBRT等],WBRT与神经认知功能下降的风险有关 [4] [5]。SRT是一种年轻的技术,有剂量集中、定位精确、损伤相对较小等优点,能够很好地控制局部肿瘤进展,保护周围正常组织,缓解神经系统症状,而且对神经认知功能影响小,由于WBRT正面临质疑,近年来SRT已逐渐成为BM的主要治疗手段之一 [6]。因此,比较BM患者在不同方式治疗后NCF与QoL的差异就显得极其重要。对于NCF和QoL的评测,脑转移患者常采用简易精神状态评价量表(MMSE)和日常生活能力量表(ADLS)来进行 [7]。由于SRT治疗的患者保持神经认知功能和生活质量方面至关重要,本研究通过前瞻性调查为临床上脑转移瘤患者的治疗提供一定的参考。

2. 病例和方法

2.1. 病例资料

以2019年1月~2020年3月在青岛市中心医院收治的行SRT的50例脑转移瘤患者为研究对象,其中35例为男性,15例为女性;年龄在33岁~82岁之间,其中≥60岁28例,<60岁22例;35例肺癌,6例乳腺癌,4例结直肠癌,1例胃癌,1例胸膜间皮瘤,非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)、输尿管癌和肾盂癌各1例。50例脑转移瘤患者都有病理明确诊断为恶性肿瘤,原发肿瘤最常见位于肺部(70%);颅脑MRI明确为脑转移瘤;均符合进行SRT治疗的相关要求。根据脑转移瘤患者有无神经系统症状,分为有神经症状者(有神经症状组) 27例、无神经症状者(无神经症状组) 23例两组。两组患者的一般临床特征差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。具体见表1

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients with two group brain metastases

表1. 两组脑转移患者临床特征

2.2. 纳入依据

① 颅脑MRI确诊为脑转移瘤;② 病理确诊为恶性肿瘤;③ KPS评分 ≥ 70分;④ 能够配合完成颅脑放射治疗及量表评估;⑤ 预计生存期 ≥ 3个月。

2.3. 排除依据

① 原发颅内肿瘤;② 近期脑卒中病史;③ 已经痴呆的患者;④ 精神病患者;⑤ KPS评分 < 70分;⑥ MMSE评分 < 24分;⑦ 有影响神经认知功能的颅脑疾病或严重躯体疾病。

2.4. 治疗方法

头颈肩膜固定患者头部,行CT模拟机三维定位,定位范围上界为颅顶,下界为C1下缘以下,应用直线加速器,能量为6MV-X线。根据CT断层图像,融合颅脑增强MRI,进行靶区的逐层勾画,并勾画需要保护的重要器官(眼球、垂体、海马、视神经、视交叉等)并进行限量。根据靶区大小和形状,使用精准放疗设备--瓦里安速锋刀EDGE,进行SRT治疗,单次剂量为2.5 GY~5.0 GY,1次/d,每周照射5次,共计8~20次。

2.5. 观察指标

该研究已通过青岛市中心医院医学伦理委员会审查,在取得患者知情同意后,使用MMSE和ADLS量表进行NCF和QoL检测。NCF使用MMSE量表评估,从方向、记忆、注意与计算能力、回忆能力、语言能力等7个方面共30个问题进行评测,每题答对得1分,共30分;生活质量评价采用ADLS量表,应用10个项目,对脑转移瘤患者的基本生活活动能力和操作生活活动能力来进行评估,总分为100分;两种量表的得分与神经认知功能和生活质量呈正相关。两项量表均在放疗前1周内评定一次,以此得分作为基线水平,放疗结束时和放疗后3个月再各复测一次,并分别记录下分值进行后续差异比较。同时根据放疗后3个月所复查的颅脑MRI,来观察两组放疗前后脑转移病灶治疗情况,作为分析MMSE和ADLS分值变化的因素。

2.6. 统计分析

为了评估NCF和QoL变化,计算3个不同时间点的MMSE和ADLS分数变化:放疗前1周内基线水平、放疗结束时和结束后3个月。使用SPSS 26.0版本来进行统计学分析,使用Students t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验来比较两级连续变量(取决于数据的分布),组间差异的统计学意义比较采用分类变量的χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. SRT前后两组的MMSE分值差异比较

SRT前后,有神经症状组比较:放疗结束时与放疗前1周比较(t = 10.25, P < 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗前1周比较(t = 18.38, P < 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗结束时比较(t = 13.60, P < 0.05);差异均有统计学意义。SRT前后,无神经症状组比较:放疗结束时与放疗前1周比较(t = 0.44, P > 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗前1周比较(t = 1.85, P > 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗结束时比较(t = 1.11, P > 0.05);差异均无统计学意义。见表2

Table 2. Results of MMSE scores of two groups of patients with brain metastases ( X ¯ ± S )

表2. 两组脑转移瘤患者MMSE分值结果 X ¯ ± S

Compared with one week before SRT (P < 0.05); Compared with end of SRT (P < 0.05).

3.2. SRT前后两组的ADLS分值差异比较

SRT前后,有神经症状组比较:放疗结束时与放疗前1周比较(t = 14.73, P < 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗前1周比较(t = 10.11, P < 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗结束时比较(t = 5.48, P < 0.05);差异均有统计学意义。SRT前后,无神经症状组比较:放疗结束时与放疗前1周比较(t = 2.06, P > 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗前1周比较(t = 1.16, P > 0.05);放疗结束后3个月与放疗结束时比较(t = 1.01, P > 0.05);差异均无统计学意义。见表3

Table 3. Results of ADLS scores of two groups of patients with brain metastases ( X ¯ ± S )

表3. 两组脑转移瘤患者ADLS分值结果 X ¯ ± S

Compared with one week before SRT (P < 0.05); Compared with end of SRT (P < 0.05).

3.3. SRT后脑转移病灶治疗疗效情况

根据颅脑MRI结果对照显示,在SRT治疗后,对于有神经系统症状组的脑转移瘤患者,脑转移病灶缓解率为77.8% (21/27);而无神经系统症状组脑转移瘤患者,脑转移病灶缓解率为82.6% (19/23)。其余患者均为疾病稳定(SD)状态,未有患者明显进展(PD)。

4. 讨论

本研究资料显示,对于脑转移瘤患者而言,有神经症状者,患者在放疗结束时和放疗结束后3个月MMSE分值、ADLS分值都高于放疗前1周内所测得的基线水平,且差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。然而对于无神经症状者,患者在放疗结束时、放疗结束后3个月所评测的MMSE和ADLS分值无明显上升或下降趋势,与放疗前1周时的基线水平比较,差异均不具备统计学意义(P > 0.05)。根据结果显示,对有神经症状的脑转移瘤患者,SRT能够改善其短期神经认知功能和生活质量;但对无神经症状脑转移瘤患者无明显效果。长期的研究随访有待进一步进行。

随着BM患者生存期的延长及放疗技术的进步,在多种治疗方式的选择中,神经系统症状可能会出现在WBRT治疗过程中,导致认知功能出现异常,进而降低患者的生活质量,严重影响患者的生存。与WBRT相比,SRT是一种年轻的精准技术,提高了肿瘤的局控率,对脑转移瘤患者神经认知功能和生活质量的危害小 [8] [9] [10] [11],SRT已经成为BM治疗的主要方法之一,这些试验 [12] - [18] 共同证明单独使用SRT与WBRT相比较,在总生存期方面,两者并无显著差异;但在认知功能和生活质量方面,SRT疗效更佳。目前有研究表明,对于单发脑转移病灶,SRT与手术治疗的局部控制率都高,生存疗效接近,考虑到SRT的非创伤性,优先选择SRT;对于多发脑转移病灶,转移灶数目在5个~10个的SRT疗效不差于2~4个的疗效。

Soffietti等 [19] 研究显示对于脑转移瘤患者,有神经系统症状者,在SRT治疗后,和放疗前1周时ADLS分数相比较,放疗结束时的分数提高(P < 0.05);而对于无神经症状者,SRT治疗后对短期内ADLS分数无重大影响。所以,对ADLS分数减低的脑转移患者早期行SRT可帮助其尽早恢复日常生活能力。而这项研究表明,在延长无进展生存期和改善颅内进展方面,WBRT具有一定的作用;但就生活质量而言,WBRT并未具备相应优势。Cheng H等 [20] 研究显示与放疗前相比,WBRT后脑转移瘤患者MMSE分值明显降低,提示对于脑转移瘤患者而言,WBRT对其造成了一定程度神经认知功能方面的损伤。而Masaaki Yamamoto等 [7] 试验显示SRT对于2~4个或5~10个BM患者放疗前后MMSE评分均没有显著差异,维持稳定,展现出对于BM患者神经认知功能,SRT对其影响较小,对于有神经症状者有利于NCF的恢复。Habets EJ等 [8] 研究表明在进行SRT之前,患者的神经认知领域和生活质量得分均低于健康对照组,受到中等程度损害,随时间推移,SRT对神经认知功能和生活质量无其他不良影响。

综上所述,脑转移患者的预后很差,如果治疗方式选择不当,导致患者神经认知功能出现不可逆的下降,进而影响患者的生活质量,对其生存产生显著不利影响。在本研究中,显然存在一些局限性,研究对象的异质性(包括几种类型的原发肿瘤);入组患者数量偏少;未设置WBRT组相对照;随访时间较短。有待将来进一步深入长期研究。当前脑转移瘤的研究重点是防止认知能力下降,而不是在症状出现后减轻症状。在目前实际的临床工作中要注意排兵布阵,一定要合理优化各种治疗方式,争取最好的治疗效果,优先保留脑转移患者的神经认知功能,使脑转移患者取得最大的生存获益及最佳的生存质量。总而言之,这项前瞻性的研究表明SRT在保留神经认知功能和保证脑转移瘤患者生活质量方面是安全的,在与WBRT具有相似的总生存期的情况下,SRT应作为脑转移瘤患者治疗的首选。在治疗过程中评估神经认知功能和生活质量对于为脑转移患者提供充分的信息和治疗措施的调整至关重要。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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