人参皂苷生物合成途径及关键酶的研究进展
Advances in the Biosynthesis Research of Ginsenosides and Key Enzymes
DOI: 10.12677/BR.2014.33013, PDF, HTML, 下载: 4,134  浏览: 13,249  国家科技经费支持
作者: 刘 佳, 唐中华：东北林业大学森林植物生态学教育部重点实验室，哈尔滨
关键词: 人参皂苷；生物合成；人参；关键酶；Ginsenosides； Biosynthesis； Panax Ginseng； Key Enzymes
摘要: 人参皂苷是名贵药材人参中的主要有效成分，属于三萜类皂苷化合物，由于其具有改善记忆力、延缓衰老、抗氧化、抗炎作用以及抗肿瘤作用，近年来得到了广泛关注。在人参皂苷生物合成途径解析及其反应机制研究方面，目前已从人参属植物中克隆到20多个与人参皂苷生物合成相关的关键酶基因。本文综述了近年来国内外学者对人参次生代谢途径及关键酶基因研究的新进展，重点阐述了人参皂苷的生物合成途径，针对途径中新发现的关键酶及编码基因进行了详细的介绍。
Abstract: Ginsenosides are the major bioactive ingredients of rare traditional Chinese herbs of Panax ginseng and belong to specific types of triterpene saponins. There is much evidence that ginsenosides exert beneficial effects in a wide range of pathological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, immune deficiency, and aging. It was reported that about 20 key enzymes and the encoding genes related to the biosynthesis of ginsenosides from Panax genus plants have been identified. This paper summarizes new progress in ginseng secondary metabolic pathways and genes of the key enzyme, focusing on the biosynthesis pathway of ginsenosides. In addition, the newly cloned and functionally identified genes encoding those key enzymes in the ginsenosides biosynthesis pathway are introduced in detail.
文章引用：刘佳, 唐中华. 人参皂苷生物合成途径及关键酶的研究进展[J]. 植物学研究, 2014, 3(3): 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/BR.2014.33013

参考文献

[1] Toh, D.F., Patel, D.N., Chan, E.C., et al. (2011) Anti-proliferative effects of raw and steamed extracts of Panax ntoginseng and its ginsenoside constituents on human liver cancer cells. Chinese Medicine, 26, 4.
[2] Schlag, E.M. and McIntosh, M.S. (2006) Ginsenoside content and variation among and within American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) populations. Phytochemistry, 67, 1510-1519.
[3] Briskin, D.P. (2000) Medicinal plants and phytomedicines. Linking plant biochemistry and physiology to human health. Plant Physiology, 124, 507-514.
[4] Park, J.D., Rhee, D.K. and Lee, Y.H. (2005) Biological activities and chemistry of saponins from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Phytochemistry Reviews, 4, 159-175.
[5] Yang, J.L., Gao, L.L. and Zhu, P. (2013) Advances in the biosynthesis research of ginsenosides. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 48, 170-178.
[6] Christensen, L.P. (2009) Ginsenosides: Chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 55, 1-99.
[7] Churchill, J.D., Gerson, J.L. and Hinton, K.A. (2002) The nootropic properties of ginseng sapoin Rb1 are linked to effects on anxiety. Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science, 37, 178-187.
[8] Bae, E.A., Choo, M.K., Park, E.K., et al. (2002) Metabolism of ginsenoside R(c) by human intestinal bacteria and its related antiallergic activity. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 25, 743-747.
[9] Zhang, C. and Zhao, G. (2001) Advances in the research of pharm acological effects of ginsenoside Rd. Chinese Journal of New Drugs, 20, 953-958。
[10] Iishi, H., Tatsuta, M., Baba, M., et al. (1997) Inhibition by ginsenoside Rg3 of bombesin-enhanced peritoneal metastasis of intestinal adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane in Wistar rats. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 15, 603-611.
[11] Zhang, J.W., Wang, G.J. and Sun, J.G. (2007) Progress in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg1. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University, 38, 283-288.
[12] Shibata, S. (2001) Chemistry and cancer preventing activities of ginseng saponins and some related triterpenoid compounds. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 16, S28-S37.
[13] Liang, Y. and Zhao, S. (2008) Progress inunderstanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis. Plant Biology, 10, 415-421.
[14] Bach, T.J., Boronat, A., Caelles, C., et al. (1991) Aspects related to mevalonate biosynthesis in plants. Lipids, 26, 637648.
[15] Ramos-Vaidivia, A.C., Heijden, R.V.D. and Verpoorte, R. (1997) Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase a core enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis: A review of its biochem is try and function. Natural Product Reports, 14, 591-603.
[16] Lee, M.H., Jeong, J.H., Seo, J.W., et al. (2004) Enhanced triterpene and phytosterol biosynthesis is in Panax ginseng overexpressing squalene synthase gene. Plant & Cell Physiology, 45, 976-984.
[17] Suzuki, H., Achnine, L., Xu, R., et al. (2002) A genomics approach to the early stages of triterpene saponin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. Plant Journal, 32, 1033-1048.
[18] Pinpinon, T., Masaaki, S., Tetsuo, K., et al. (2006) Dammarenediol-II synthase, the first dedicated enzyme for ginsenoside biosynthesis, in Panax ginseng. FEBS Letters, 580, 5143-5149.
[19] Choi, D.W., Jung, J., et al. (2005) Analysis of transcripts in methyl jasmanate-treated ginseng hairy roots to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenoides and other secondary metabolites. Plant Cell Reports, 23, 557-566.
[20] Haralampidis, K., Trojanowska, M., et al. (2002) Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in plants. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 75, 31-49.
[21] Han, J.Y., Kwon, Y.S., Yang, D.C., et al. (2006) Expression and RNA interference-induced silencing of the dammarenediol synthase gene in Panax ginseng. Plant & Cell Physiology, 47, 1653-1662.
[22] Kushiro, T., Shibuya, M. and Ebizuka, Y. (1998) Beta-Amyrin synthase—Cloning of oxidosqualene cyclase that catalyzes the formation of the most popular triterpene among higher plants. European Journal of Biochemistry, 256, 238244.
[23] Kushiro, T.S.M. and Ebizuka, Y. (1998) Molecular cloning of oxidosqualenecyclasecDNA from Panax ginseng the isogene that encodes beta-amyrin synthase. Towards natural medicine research in the 21st century. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series, 1157, 421-428.
[24] Kim, M.K., Lee, B.S., In, J.G., et al. (2006) Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of ginseng leaf. Plant Cell Reports, 25, 599-606.
[25] Wu, Q., Zhou, Y.Q., Sun, C., et al. (2009) Progress in ginsenosides biosynthesis and prospect of secondary metabolic engineering for the production of ginsenosides. China Biotechnology, 29, 102-108.
[26] Ming, Q.L., Han, T., Huang, F., et al. (2010) Advances in studies on ginsenoside biosynthesis and its and its related enzymes. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 41, 1913-1917.
[27] Wu, Q., Sun, C. and Chen, S.L. (2012) Identification and expression analysis of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene from American ginseng. Plant Omics, 5, 414-420.
[28] Kim, O.T., Kim, S.H., Ohyama, K., et al. (2010) Upregulation of phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis in Centella asiatica hairy roots overexpressed ginseng farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Plant Cell Reports, 29, 403-411.
[29] Kim, O.T., Yu, K.W., Hahn, E.J., et al. (2006) Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation induces ginsenosides accumulation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant in suspension culture Panax ginseng roots in bioreactors. Plant Cell Reports, 25, 613-620.
[30] Kim, T.D., Han, J.Y., Huh, G.H., et al. (2011) Expression and functional characterization of three squalene synthase genes associated with saponin biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant & Cell Physiology, 52, 125-137.
[31] Han, J.Y., In, J.G., Kwon, Y.S., et al. (2010) Regulation of ginsenoside and phytosterol biosynthesis by RNA interferences of squalene epoxidase gene in Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry, 71, 36-46.
[32] Jiang, S.C., Liu, W.C., Wang, Y., et al. (2011) Correlation between ginsenoside accumulation and SQS and SQE gene expreesion in different organs of Panax quinquefolius. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 42, 579-584.
[33] Niu, Y.Y., Luo, H.M. and Huang, L.F. (2012) Advances in the study of CYP450 involves in ginsenosides biosynthesis. World Science and Technology-Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 14, 1177-1183.
[34] Seki, H., Ohyama, K., Sawai, S., et al. (2008) Licorice beta-amyrin II-oxidase, a cytochrome P450 with a key role in the biosynthesis of the triterpene sweetener glycyrrhizin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 14204-14209.
[35] Shibuya, M., Hoshino, M., Katsube, Y., et al. (2006) Identification of beta-amyrin and sophoradiol 24-hydroxylase by expressed sequence tag mining and functional expression assay. FEBS Journal, 273, 948-959.
[36] Han, J.Y., Hwang, H.S., Choi, S.W., et al. (2012) Cytochrome P450 CYP716A53v2 catalyzes the formation of protopanaxatriol from protopanaxadiol during ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant & Cell Physiology, 53, 1535-1545.
[37] Yue, C.J. and Zhong, J.J. (2005) Purification and characterization of UDPG: Ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase from suspended cells of Panax notoginseng. Process Biochemistry, 40, 3742-3748.
[38] Chen, X., Xue, Y., Liu, J.H., et al. (2009) Purification and characterization of glucosyltransferase from Panax Ginseng hairy root cultures. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 16, 50-54.