良性前列腺增生微创技术的研究进展
Research Progress of Minimally Invasive Techniques for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441285, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 74  浏览: 132 
作者: 王 宇:济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁;于大鹏*:济宁市第一人民医院泌尿外科,山东 济宁
关键词: 良性前列腺增生手术治疗前列腺剜除术微创手术治疗Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Surgical Treatment Prostatectomy Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment
摘要: 良性前列腺增生作为泌尿系疾病中常见的老年疾病,主要表现为进行性排尿困难。其经典的手术方式为经尿道前列腺电切术,该手术方式仍存在术后出血、影响射精功能等术后并发症,经过多年的发展,对该术式的改进,出现前列腺剜除术,并把激光应用于手术。与此同时,前列腺的微创治疗也蓬勃发展,前列腺动脉栓塞术、前列腺水蒸气消融、临时植入式镍钛装置等微创治疗逐渐应用于临床治疗。本文就良性前列腺增生的各种手术治疗和微创治疗的研究进展作一综述。
Abstract: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, as a common elderly disease among urological diseases, mainly manifests as progressive urination difficulty. The classic surgical method is transurethral resection of the prostate. This surgical method still has postoperative complications such as postoperative bleeding and impact on ejaculation function. After years of development, this surgical method has been improved, and prostatic enucleation has emerged, and use lasers in surgery. At the same time, minimally invasive treatments for the prostate are also booming, and minimally invasive treatments such as prostatic artery embolization, prostate water vapor ablation, and temporary implantable nickel-titanium devices are gradually being used in clinical treatment. This article reviews the research progress of various surgical treatments and minimally invasive treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
文章引用:王宇, 于大鹏. 良性前列腺增生微创技术的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 2220-2227. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441285

1. 引言

良性前列腺增生(Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, BPH)是中老年男性常见的疾病,其引起的下尿路梗阻症状是影响老年男性生活质量的原因之一。由于人口增长和人口老龄化,前列腺增生的全球发病率由1990年的548万增加到2019年的1126万 [1] ,前列腺增生的治疗已经成为一个公共卫生问题。临床对于前列腺增生的治疗,大多数早期患者可以通过α-受体阻滞剂与5α还原酶抑制剂等药物,达到缓解症状与延缓发展的目的。其中α-受体阻滞剂使尿流率改善幅度是15%~30%,5α还原酶抑制剂使前列腺体积减少18% [2] [3] 。然而仍有25%的患者因效果不佳或药物副作用如气喘、头晕、体位性低血压和性功能障碍等原因而停药 [4] 。

当患者出现中重度下尿路梗阻症状、药物治疗无效,以及出现急性尿潴留、膀胱结石、反复尿路感染等并发症时,为避免进一步对肾功能造成损伤,对这类患者建议行手术治疗。目前前列腺手术治疗的金标准仍然是前列腺电切术(Transurethral Resection of the Prostate, TURP),需要了解的是TURP的术后并发症,如射精功能障碍、勃起功能障碍、尿道狭窄和尿失禁等。近年来,外科手术对性功能的影响,尤其是逆行射精问题成为男性术前最关注的问题之一,前列腺的微创手术治疗(Minimally Invasive Surgical Therapies, MISTS)在此背景下迅速发展,其手术过程中无需切除增生的前列腺组织,目的是在快速而有效的缓解下尿道梗阻症状的同时最大限度保留性功能,减少出血等并发症,恢复日常活动 [5] 。具体的微创手术方式包括:前列腺动脉栓塞术、前列腺水蒸气消融、临时植入式镍钛装置和前列腺悬扩术。本篇综述介绍了前列腺增生的各种手术治疗,并重点介绍了前列腺剜除术与近来发展迅速的微创手术治疗,论述了微创手术治疗未来发展的潜力与挑战。

2. 经尿道前列腺电切术

1921年马克西米利安发明了一台用于治疗前列腺增生的仪器,命名为电切镜,前列腺电切术从此出现。其手术过程主要是在全身麻醉或蛛网膜下腔麻醉下,通过电切镜依次切除和取出增生的前列腺组织,并留置几日的尿管 [6] 。该技术在微创的条件下能有效地改善下尿路梗阻,逐渐成为治疗前列腺增生的金标准 [7] 。

随着时代的进展,前列腺电切的技术和仪器也在进步。最早出现的电切镜是单极系统(Monopolar TURP, M-TURP),由于其手术中只能使用非电解溶液冲洗,膀胱冲洗液通过手术切口进入血液,稀释血液导致经尿道电切综合征(Transurethral Resection Syndrome, TUR-S),表现为低钠血症、急性肺水肿及脑水肿,严重者甚至死亡 [8] 。之后出现了双极系统,能量被限制在主动极与被动极之间,操作者能够运用生理盐水作为术中冲洗液,并且其所用的电压低,能有效的减少电切综合征发生的机率和术后输血率 [9] 。一项研究中把氨甲环酸与前列腺电切术一起联合使用,研究组患者行静脉注射血栓素A并且行前列腺电切,对照组患者只行前列腺电切术,结果研究组输血的患者比例为2.8%,对照组的比例是14.2%,表明静脉注射血栓素A与前列腺电切联合治疗能有效的减少术中出血量与输血需求 [10] 。绿激光与双击等离子前列腺电切的联合技术也能有效安全应用于体积大于100 ml的前列腺患者 [11] 。一个世纪过去了,尽管出现了许多新的手术方式,但前列腺电切术任然是良性前列腺增生手术的金标准。

3. 经尿道前列腺双极等离子剜除术

经尿道双极等离子前列腺剜除术(Transurethral Bipolar Plasmakinetic Enucleation of the Prostate, TUPEP)是利用电切镜的镜鞘沿外科包膜剥离增生腺体,再用组织粉碎器或分块切除获取组织。该项技术既能达到开放技术的彻底性,也能利用电切镜的微创性,还能利用双击等离子系统优秀的止血效果,对于BPH的治疗有跨时代的意义。

一项TURP与TUPEP的对比研究中,TUPEP组的手术时间(56.29 min vs 69.95 min)、术中冲洗量(12.38 L vs 15.26 L)、术后血红蛋白下降率(7.13 g/l vs 9.66 g/l)、留置尿管时间(2.28 d vs 2.46 d)、住院天数(4.33 d vs 5.19 d)均少于TURP组,术后3个月、1年、2年、3年的IPSS、生活质量评分(Quality of Life, Qol)与TURP组的差异无统计学意义 [12] 。Clavien-Dindo分类是对手术并发症的5级分类,运用于许多外科手术研究中 [13] 。在上述研究中,Clavien-Dindo分级的II、III级并发症TUPEP组明显少于TURP组 [12] 。综上所述,TUPEP在临床疗效、安全性上不输于TURP,甚至是更优的选择。

日间手术最早是在1909年由儿外科医生Nichol所提出,指患者在1个工作日内完成住院、手术、术后短暂观察、恢复和出院。随着TUPEP技术的完善,为解决“看病贵、看病难”等问题,TUPEP的日间手术模式开始被探讨,国内报道的一项研究表明,在主刀医生技术熟练并且有完善的围术期管理方案的条件下,选择合适的病人也能行TUPEP的日间手术 [14] 。但该研究参与的病例少,缺少更多的数据支持。

4. 经尿道前列腺激光剜除术

4.1. 钬激光

钬激光是钬钇铝石榴石激光器释放的波长在2140 nm的激光,能切割和汽化组织,使局部3-的组织凝固和坏死,是最早应用于前列腺剜除术的激光,该技术全称叫钬激光前列腺剜除术(Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate, HoLEP)。与TURP相比,HoLEP术后患者住院时间、留置尿管时间更短,血红蛋白降低幅度小,术后最大尿流率与症状评分均优于TURP组 [15] 。一项纳入119项研究数据的回顾研究中,HoLEP术后1、2、3和5年的再手术率分别为2.4%、3.3%、5.4%、和6.6%,TURP术后1、2、3、5年的再手术率分别是3.5%、3.6%、5.7%、6.6% [16] 。

HoLEP在疗效与安全性上优于TURP,更具有其他优势。首先,HoLEP被誉为不被前列腺大小影响的手术方式 [17] 。一项研究把研究对象以前列腺大小分为 ≤ 40 g (第一组)、40~200 g (第二组)、>200 g (第三组)三组,结果表明第三组患者手术期输血率(P = 0.019)更高,第一组患者性急性尿潴留发生率(P = 0.048)更高,住院时间、尿管留置时间和其他并发症发生率各组均无差异 [18] 。其次,HoLEP能作为其他微创治疗失败的补救措施。临床上有案例把HoLEP作为前列腺悬扩术治疗失败后的一种有效的补救方法 [19] 。

4.2. 铥激光

铥激光是钇铝石榴激光器释放的波长在1.940~2.013 μm的激光,也被称为2 μm激光,该技术称为前列腺铥激光钝性剜除术(Thulium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate, ThuLEP)。ThuLEP与HoLEP类似,都能应用于大体积前列腺手术。有研究把ThuLEP与HoLEP和TUPEP相比,结果表明术后6~12个月最大尿流率、IPSS、Qol、排尿后残余尿量(Postvoid Residual Urine Volume, PVR)三组没有统计学差异,三组末次随访的PSA下降的中位数无差异,术后1年前列腺体积大于120 ml的患者经钬激光与铥激光治疗后IPSS改善更佳 [20] 。也有研究把ThuLEP与机器人辅助下的巨大前列腺切除术相对比,研究表明两种手术方式在手术时间、术后PSA、切除前列腺的体积、术后IPSS、术后最大尿流率都无统计学差异,ThuLEP组患者留置尿管时间、住院时间更短,术后血红蛋白下降更少,输血率更低 [21] 。

5. 前列腺动脉栓塞术

前列腺动脉栓塞(Prostate Artery Embolization, PAE)是在局部麻醉下行股动脉穿刺,通过超选择性导管识别前列腺动脉,注射聚乙烯醇微球使前列腺组织缺血坏死 [22] ,该手术后腺体明显收缩和软化 [23] 。有研究比较了PAE与M-TURP和B-TURP的疗效与安全性,栓塞术在IPSS评分、尿流率、术后残余尿和前列腺体积缩小上无明显差别,PAE组有20%的患者出现栓塞后综合征,10%患者拔除尿管后出现急性尿潴留,表明栓塞术在安全性上与电切术仍有些差距 [24] 。PAE术后可能会再次出现下尿路梗阻的情况,研究估计PAE术后5年再干预率为20%,5年后再干预率为30%~60% [25] 。研究表明复发的原因可能是血管再通,考虑对初次症状复发的患者行液体栓塞剂联合聚乙烯醇微球的PAE [26] 。

临床上对单独使用PAE治疗BPH具有争议,部分临床医师建议与其他传统手术治疗相结合,PAE以辅助的方式增强传统手术的疗效 [27] 。一项针对巨大前列腺增生(>100 ml)的研究中,把患者分成两组,分别行单纯TURP与TURP + PAE,结果显示TURP + PAE组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后膀胱冲洗时间、术后尿管留置时间均优于单纯TURP组,术后24个月IPSS、Qol、Qmax、前列腺残余体积、逼尿肌压等指标同样是TURP + PAE组更优,唯有在手术费用上该组花费更多 [28] 。在经济负担方面,也有研究表明PAE的成本比TURP更低(2934美元 vs 6038美元) [29] 。

综上所述,对于拒绝手术或有手术禁忌症的前列腺增生患者,PAE是一个安全可行的选择 [30] 。对难治性PBH而言PAE是一个很好的选择,即便是考虑不良事件和复发等极端情况,PAE也能以更低的成本得到与TURP相似的治疗效果。

6. 前列腺水蒸气消融

美国马萨诸塞州马尔伯勒波士顿科学公司发明了一种技术,该技术通过把射频能量转化为无菌水蒸气中的热能,同时运用水蒸气的对流性质,迅速通过组织间隙均匀扩散,将储存的热量释放导致增生的前列腺组织坏死,对前列腺组织进行针对性的消融,该项技术被称为前列腺水蒸气消融(Water Vapor Thermal Therapy, WVTT)。

安全性方面,由于水蒸气向四周扩散并释放能量的距离有限,前列腺组织坏死的范围仅限于距离中央腺体1~2 cm区域,该技术的安全性得以保证 [31] 。在一项评估该技术安全性与有效性的研究中,以62名门诊患者为观察对象进行长达1年的随访调查,术后6个月IPSS下降13分(68.1%, P < 0.001),术后1年IPSS评分下降12分(61.5%, P < 0.001),1年后生活质量(The Quality of Life, Qol)评分下降3.2% (P < 0.001),Qmax提高6 ml/s [32] 。来自意大利的研究数据也表明,该技术能有效改善患者性功能和尿路功能,并且没有早期和晚期严重的不良事件 [33] 。

该技术最大的特点是对射精和勃起功能的影响小,一项研究中,术后新发勃起功能障碍病例为0,术后逆行射精率为10.8% [32] 。在手术时间方面,一项日本的研究显示,无论前列腺体积和注射次数如何,WVTT的手术持续时间都无明显变化,表明该技术能在各种类型的设施中进行 [34] 。随着人口老龄化,良性前列腺增生在全球发病率逐渐上升 [35] ,WVTT创伤小、手术时间短,给部分传统手术禁忌的患者提供了一个选择。

7. 临时植入式镍钛装置

临时植入式镍钛装置(Temporary Implantable Nitinol Device, TIND)是一种能覆盖前列腺部尿道全长,导致膀胱颈和前列腺尿道重塑的装置。患者取截石位,在局部麻醉下通过膀胱镜鞘把装置引入到膀胱中,然后在前列腺部尿道5、7、12点方向展开镍钛支杆,压迫引起局部组织缺血坏死,形成新的宽敞的尿流渠道 [36] [37] 。患者可在当天出院,于5~7天后取出该装置。

该装置现已至第二代,在运用第一代设备的研究中,患者术后1年IPSS下降45%,Qmax上升67%,早期并发症有4例,前列腺脓肿1例(3.1%),尿路感染1例(3.1%),装置移位引起的一过性尿失禁1例(3.1%),尿潴留1例(3.1%) [38] 。术后3年IPSS下降19%,Qmax提高41%,其中有3例在初次手术后24个月内需要再次干预 [39] 。第二代设备为了减少膀胱黏膜的损伤,把尖端改为郁金香花的外观,其在一项前瞻性、单臂、多中心的研究中,2例死亡(与该手术无关),5例失访,41例患者术后48个月IPSS下降45.3% (P < 0.001),Qol下降45.1% (P < 0.001),在超过36~79个月的术后随访中,无晚期术后并发症,仅2例患者需再次手术治疗(1例行经尿道前列腺电切术,1例行经尿道激光前列腺摘除术) [40] 。

该技术的优点有许多,包括无需全身麻醉、能在门诊进行、手术时间短并且术后无需留置尿管,缺点是其数据大部分来自于制造商赞助的多中心研究,缺乏更多长期疗效的数据支持,并且缺少与前列腺电切术等已有手术比较的试验和行业独立研究,对于该技术广泛应用于临床仍需进一步观察。

8. 微创前列腺悬扩术

前列腺悬扩术(Prostatic Urethral Lift, PUL)是在膀胱镜下放置缝合型植入物,挤压并固定侧叶,使尿道前列腺部保持扩张 [41] 。主要适用于前列腺体积在20~70 cm3,且伴有明显的侧叶梗阻的患者,相对禁忌症是前列腺体积大于100 cm3和中叶突出的患者 [42] 。

一项新手术方式的出现,需要与该疾病的金标准相对比。与TURP相比,两组术后IPSS、Qmax、Qol均有改善,TURP治疗组结果明显更好(P < 0.05),根据Clavien-Dindo分级,两组治疗相关不良事件无明显差异,术后2年PUL组100%患者保留射精功能,TURP组中34%患者完全没有射精功能 [42] 。一项研究表示,前列腺悬扩术在4年后再手术率是前列腺电切术的两倍 [43] 。另一个研究表示,在伴有急性尿潴留的前列腺增生患者中,73%的患者在行PUL术后12个月内不再依赖于留置尿管,且未再次手术干预 [44] 。也有研究对WVTT与PUL的数据进行对比分析,结果表示WVTT组与PUL组相比,IPSS评分降低情况在24个月(−11.2 ± 7.3比−9.13 ± 7.62)与36个月(−11.0 ± 7.1比−8.83 ± 7.41)WVTT组更优于PUL组,而对男性射精功能的影响,PUL在所有时期均优于WVTT组(P < 0.01) [45] 。

综上所述,PUL在不影响性功能的情况下,能够快速、有效的缓解下尿路梗阻症状。在IPSS与最大尿流率等方面,TURP比PUL更胜一筹。对于希望缓解前列腺增生引起的下尿路梗阻症状且拒绝或无法行电切的患者,或者希望尽量保留射精功能的患者,PUL是一个合适的选择。

9. 总结

随着新型微创手术治疗方式的出现,术前手术治疗方案的确定至关重要。本篇综述详细介绍了传统手术方式与新型微创手术的优势与劣势,强调了各种微创手术治疗的发展与特点。总结来说,在长期的疗效上前列腺电切与前列腺剜除术更佳,但各种微创手术避免了全身麻醉,副作用更少。其中PEA能作为传统手术方式的辅助治疗,能达到更佳的疗效。WVTT与PUL对性功能的影响更小,是期望保留性功能患者的选择之一。部分微创手术治疗的证据是从少量试验中总结出的,长期疗效的数据少,因此仍需要填补这一空白,完善数据支持。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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