Presepsin在儿童脓毒症诊断和预后评估中的价值
The Value of Presepsin in the Diagnosis and Prognostic Assessment of Sepsis in Children
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441063, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 29  浏览: 47 
作者: 王 茜, 许 峰:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院重症医学科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染与免疫罕见病重庆市重点实验室,重庆
关键词: 可溶性白细胞分化抗原14亚型脓毒症儿童诊断预后评估Soluble Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen 14 Subtype Sepsis Child Diagnosis Prognostic Assessment
摘要: 脓毒症是目前急危重症病死率较高的疾病之一,对其早期识别、早期干预可在一定程度上改善不良终点事件的发生,降低病死率。降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)作为经典的脓毒症生物标志物,在脓毒症的早期识别和预后风险评估中存在一定的局限性。可溶性白细胞分化抗原14亚型(sCD14-ST)作为近年新发现的生物标志物,其在脓毒症的诊断和预后评估方面有着较好的应用前景。本文就Presepsin对儿童脓毒症诊断及预后评估中的价值进行综述,以期开展更多的研究指导其应用于临床。
Abstract: Sepsis is one of the diseases with a high mortality rate in acute and critical cases, and early identification and intervention can improve the occurrence of adverse endpoints and reduce the mortality rate to a certain extent. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP), as classic biomarkers of sepsis, have certain limitations in the early recognition and prognostic risk assessment of sepsis. Soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 14 subtype (sCD14-ST), as a newly discovered biomarker in recent years, has a good application prospect in the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of sepsis. This article reviews the value of Presepsin in the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of sepsis in children, in order to carry out more clinical studies to guide its clinical application.
文章引用:王茜, 许峰. Presepsin在儿童脓毒症诊断和预后评估中的价值[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 582-587. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441063

1. 引言

脓毒症是ICU最常见的疾病之一,也是全球儿童死亡的主要原因之一,严重威胁儿童的生命安全。在全球范围内,脓毒症患儿的病死率从4%至50%不等。大多数死于脓毒症的儿童患有难治性休克和/或多器官功能障碍综合征,且许多死亡发生在治疗的最初48~72小时内 [1] 。无论是在人口老龄化的欧美等国家,还是在新生人口较多的发展中国家,脓毒症患者的数量都呈上升趋势,虽然随着抗菌药物治疗、复苏策略、呼吸机及连续肾脏替代疗法等医疗手段的进步,病死率有所下降,但仍不容忽视。因此早期识别脓毒症和评估其预后十分重要。近年来,生物标志物的检测因具有稳定、快速的特点,而成为临床上诊断脓毒症有效的方法之一,常用的指标有C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT),但是这两种指标在脓毒症患者诊断、预后评估及指导治疗方面的效果欠佳,因此仍需寻找更为有效的生物标志物 [2] [3] [4] 。2004年被Shirakawak等 [5] 人发现的新型生物标志物Presepsin,在脓毒症的诊断和预后评估方面有着较好的运用前景,已被确定为一种新的早期感染检测指标 [6] 。

2. Presepsin的生物学特征

Presepsin,即可溶性白细胞分化抗原14亚型,是一个大小为13 kDa的N-末端片段。白细胞分化抗原14 (CD14)是一种在巨噬细胞、单核细胞、树突状细胞和中性粒细胞等的细胞膜表面表达的糖蛋白,属于Toll样受体家族,是一种脂多糖(LPS)受体,可识别病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)并启动先天性免疫反应 [7] 。它通过受体识别和传递细菌的脂多糖(LPS)信号,与脂蛋白结合蛋白(LBP)结合,形成CD14-LPS-LBP复合物细胞内信号,触发各种细胞因子的释放,激活机体的炎症级联反应 [8] 。白细胞分化抗原14 (CD14)有两种存在形式:膜结合形式(mCD14)和可溶性形式(sCD14)。mCD14在单核细胞和巨噬细胞等的细胞膜表面分布;sCD14主要分布于血浆中,由mCD14脱落或肝细胞直接分泌产生 [9] 。宿主细胞识别细菌脂多糖或其他表面细菌配体后被激活,sCD14被切割产生一个13 kDa的N-末端片段,即为Presepsin (可溶性白细胞分化抗原14亚型) [10] [11] ,它在发生感染后2小时内急剧升高并于3 h达到高峰 [12] [13] 。

对于生物标志物而言,除了检测结果的灵敏度和特异度,检测时长也是决定该标志物临床实用性的关键,更快更高效的检测能够帮助我们在临床中早期识别和治疗脓毒症。当前,基于化学发光酶联免疫分析检测Presepsin的方法,在提高传统ELISA检测方法灵敏度的同时,将临床检测时间大大地缩短至17分钟,给脓毒症的诊断提供了便利 [14] 。

3. Presepsin在儿童脓毒症诊断中的价值

目前,儿童脓毒症诊断的“金标准”是微生物培养,但该方法鉴别易出现假阳性或假阴性,临床易误诊、漏诊。此外,SOFA系统未列出明确的脓毒症感染的相关诊断标志物,缺乏主观性和前瞻性。降钙素原(PCT)与C反应蛋白(CRP)作为感染标志物已经在临床儿童脓毒症辅助诊断上应用较久。细菌感染时体内PCT、CRP水平升高,但是血液中PCT、CRP水平在非感染条件下也会增加,容易误导临床,其特异性仍显不足,我们仍需继续寻找具有更高敏感性和特异性的感染标志物。

Presepsin在正常机体血清中浓度较低,在脓毒症患者中显著升高,是一种高度敏感和特异性的生物标志物,其浓度与脓毒症的严重程度和住院死亡率显著相关 [15] ,在某些情况下,与更常见的生物标志物CRP和PCT相比,Presepsin可能是一种更好的脓毒症诊断和预后生物标志物 [16] [17] 。目前关于Presepsin与脓毒症的研究大多是基于成人,而与儿童相关的临床研究相对较少,但它在儿童脓毒症诊断和预后评估中的意义仍得到肯定 [18] 。

目前,Presepsin与PCT、CRP应用于儿童脓毒症诊断方面的研究结果不尽相同。Shozushima等人 [19] 评估了脓毒症患者的血清Presepsin水平,发现与全身性炎症反应综合征患者和健康对照者相比,脓毒症患者的血清Presepsin水平显著升高,它在诊断儿童脓毒症的敏感性为71.43%,特异性为76.09%,AUC为74.8%,这肯定了Presepsin在儿童脓毒症诊断中的价值。Loannis Bellos等 [20] 人的研究结果显示,Presepsin对新生儿脓毒症的敏感性为0.91 (95% CI: 0.87~0.93),特异性为0.91 (95% CI: 0.88~0.94),OR值170.28 (95% CI: 51.13~567.11),AUC为0.9751,比CRP和PCT更敏感。刘晖等 [21] 人的研究结果显示,Presepsin、PCT及CRP对儿童脓毒症诊断的ROC曲线下面积分别0.828、0.746、0.689,且Presepsin敏感度和特异度均高于PCT及CRP,提示Presepsin对脓毒症具有更高的诊断价值,对脓毒症的诊断更加敏感、特异和有效,这与研究结论 [22] [23] [24] [25] 基本相符。

而与上述结论有所差异,Yoon [26] 等人的meta分析结果则显示,与PCT或CRP相比,Presepsin在检测儿童脓毒症方面具有更高的敏感性,但特异性较低。此外,Pietrasanta等 [27] 人的研究结果显示,Presepsin是新生儿脓毒症的早期生物标志物,但不能支持血培养阳性新生儿的早期识别。而Sakyi SA等人 [28] 的研究结果显示,与对照组相比,脓毒症患儿的sCD14-ST、PCT和hsCRP水平均显著升高(P < 0.0001),但单独来看,PCT的准确率较高(AUC为78.7%),其次是hsCRP (AUC为78.4%)和sCD14-ST (AUC为74.8%)。

此外,有研究显示 [18] ,诊断截断水平为722 µg/L时获得的Presepsin的敏感性和特异性似乎高于截断水平为539 µg/L时的敏感性和特异性。而van Maldeghem等人 [29] 的研究发现,新生儿早发型脓毒症(EOS)和晚发型脓毒症(LOS)的诊断临界水平有所差异,与健康对照相比,EOS病例的最佳临界值为305~672 ng/L,敏感性为81% (95% CI: 0.76~0.85),特异性为86% (95% CI: 0.81~0.89),曲线下面积(AUC)为0.9412,而LOS的最佳临界值更高,范围为801至885 ng/L,敏感性为81% (95% CI: 0.74~0.86),特异性为100% (95% CI: 0.98~1.00),但因该研究纳入的文章数量较少,无法估计LOS病例的AUC,因此结论仍需进一步验证。尽管如此,这在儿童脓毒症诊断中仍具有重要意义。

目前与Presepsin在儿童脓毒症诊断中的价值相关的研究十分有限,上述所提及的研究均是不同环境不同基础疾病下的患者群,且均为小样本量研究,具有异质性,尤其是对于患有外科疾病、肾衰竭、先天性心脏病、围产期窒息和脓毒症以外的基础病理状况的脓毒症患儿,阈值存在差异,仍需进一步的研究来排除这些情况影响Presepsin阈值的可能性。

4. Presepsin在儿童脓毒症预后评估中的价值

成人中的研究结果显示,作为一种高度敏感和特异性的脓毒症标志物,Presepsin在脓毒症的严重程度和住院死亡率方面的价值已经得到认可 [30] - [35] 。同样,该指标也可以用于评估脓毒症患儿的预后 [36] 。Sakyi SA等 [28] 人的一项病例对照研究结果显示,sCD14-ST是儿童脓毒症的独立预测因子,具有较高的预后价值。刘霜 [17] 等人收集了患儿入院第1、3、7天血清Presepsin、降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平,根据28天病死率,他们将脓毒症组分为生存组和死亡组,结果显示生存组和死亡组Presepsin有明显差异(P < 0.001),死亡组第3、7天Presepsin明显高于生存组(P均 < 0.001);死亡组与生存组各时间点PCT、CRP差异均无统计学意义(P均 > 0.05);第1、3、7天预测脓毒症结局的AUC分别为Presepsin 0.597、0.656、0.951,PCT 0.576、0.613、0.655,提示Presepsin在预后评估方面优于PCT,同时研究结果还显示脓毒症休克患儿Presepsin水平显著高于脓毒症组,Presepsin可用于评估脓毒症病情严重程度。

而Khera等 [37] 人的研究结果与此不同,他们比较了脓毒症患儿入院时和72小时后的Presepsin平均值分别为609.77 ± 417.30 pg/ml和839 ± 748.07 pg/ml。脓毒症合并休克患儿72小时Presepsin浓度为1129.1 ± 1133.80 pg/ml,显著高于未合并休克患儿(472.5 ± 507.81 pg/ml, P < 0.05),提示Presepsin水平可能与脓毒症的严重程度相关,但在统计学上意义并不显著,同时该研究结果表明Presepsin在预测死亡率方面的潜力有限。Hashem HE等人 [38] 也认为Presepsin可以被认为是一种有价值的脓毒症监测标志物,而不是脓毒症严重程度的标志物。这与Ghazy等 [39] 人的研究结论Presepsin可预测儿童脓毒症患者30天死亡率相悖。这些相互矛盾结果产生的原因可能是研究设计和患者选择标准的差异。

5. 结语

儿童脓毒症是一种有较高发病率及死亡率的疾病,寻找高灵敏度及特异度的生物标志物有助于我们早期诊断及预防该病的不良后果。作为一种新型的生物标志物,Presepsin在儿童脓毒症的诊断和预后评估方面均有一定的价值,相较于Presepsin的诊断价值而言,与其预后评估相关的研究报道比较有限,未来应加大对后者的研究。目前关于它的研究普遍存在样本量偏小、研究对象不一等问题,所得到的观点并不完全一致。此外,相较于经典的生物标志物PCT、CRP,Presepsin的优越性并没有得到充分的证实,且Presepsin对于儿童脓毒症的诊断界值并没有形成统一的标准。未来仍需更大规模的前瞻性、多中心临床研究,细分患儿的年龄、基础疾病、病情严重程度等,降低异质性,建立诊断阈值及预后评估的参考值范围,从而为其应用提供可靠的临床依据。

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