伏诺拉生在治疗幽门螺杆菌感染中的研究进展
Advances in the Study of Vonoprazan in the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.143822, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 14  浏览: 40  科研立项经费支持
作者: 孙梓铭*:青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛;刘希双#:青岛大学附属医院消化内科,山东 青岛
关键词: 幽门螺杆菌伏诺拉生质子泵抑制剂Helicobacter pylori Vonoprazan Proton Pump Inhibitor
摘要: 幽门螺杆菌(Hp)是一种定植于胃内的致病菌,其感染被证实与胃腺癌、慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤等多种胃肠疾病密切相关。近年来,随着耐药性的增加,Hp的根除率在不断下降,临床也在不断探索新的治疗药物。伏诺拉生(VPZ)是一种新型钾离子竞争性酸阻滞剂,表现出了比质子泵抑制剂(PPI)更显著、快速且持久的抑酸作用。因此,本文通过对VPZ的药理学机制、与PPI的比较、VPZ根除Hp方案的临床研究及安全性等方面作一综述。
Abstract: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a pathogenic bacterium that colonizes the stomach, and its infection is closely associated with a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric adenocarci-noma, chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. In recent years, the eradication rate of Hp has decreased with the increase of drug resistance, and new therapeutic agents are being explored clinically. Vonoprazan (VPZ) is a novel potassi-um-competitive acid blocker that exhibits a more significant, rapid, and long-lasting acid inhib-itory effect than PPIs. Therefore, this article reviews the pharmacological mechanism of VPZ, its comparison with PPIs, and the clinical studies and safety of the VPZ Hp eradication regimen.
文章引用:孙梓铭, 刘希双. 伏诺拉生在治疗幽门螺杆菌感染中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 1145-1153. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.143822

1. 引言

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, Hp)是一种定植于胃内的致病菌,我国是Hp感染的高发国家,感染率达到了46.7% [1] ,此外家庭Hp感染率高达71.2% [2] 。在2022年美国卫生及公共服务部发布的第15版致癌物报告中,Hp首次被列为明确致癌物。Hp慢性感染被证实与胃腺癌、慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤等多种胃肠疾病密切相关 [3] [4] 。根除Hp可阻止胃癌前病变进展,并显著改善胃体萎缩 [5] 。在胃癌高发地区,成功根除Hp能有效预防胃癌发生,具有成本效益 [6] 。

近年来,随着Hp耐药性的增加,Hp的根除率在不断下降,临床也在不断探索新的药物和治疗方案。在Hp根除方案中,抑酸剂是其中的重要组成部分,目前临床常用的抑酸剂包括组胺-2受体拮抗剂(histamine-2 receptor antagonist, H2RA)、质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitors, PPI)及钾离子竞争性酸阻滞剂(potassium-competitive acid blocker, P-CAB)。PPI是我国最常用的抑酸剂。但PPI在发挥抑酸效果方面仍存在许多不足。目前认为,Hp根除率与胃内酸抑制的程度和持续时间密切相关,对于Hp根除治疗建议保持胃内pH值 > 6且抑酸持续时间比例(HTR) > 75% [7] 。PPI在健康人群中的抑酸数据显示,标准剂量给药7天后胃内pH值 > 5的HTR仅50%左右,pH值 > 6的HTR降至29%~44% [8] [9] [10] 。此外PPl还有半衰期短,酸环境中不稳定;需餐前30 min或1 h服药,起效慢,且抑酸效果受CYP2C19基因多态性的影响,通常无法达到持久的胃酸分泌抑制效果 [6] 。上述局限性导致了含PPI的根除方案逐渐不能满足根除Hp的需求。伏诺拉生(vonoprazan, VPZ)是一种强效的新型钾离子竞争性酸阻滞剂(potassium- competitive acid blocker, P-CAB),表现出了比PPI更显著、快速且持久的抑酸作用。因此,本文通过对VPZ的药理学机制、与PPI的比较、VPZ根除Hp方案的临床研究及安全性等方面进行综述,以期在VPZ根除Hp方面为临床用药提供参考。

2. VPZ的药理学特性

2.1. VPZ的药理学机制

人体胃酸分泌主要由胃腺壁细胞完成。壁细胞是一种高度分化的细胞,负责将浓盐酸分泌到胃腔中,这一过程主要由壁细胞的H+/K+-ATP酶完成 [11] 。在胃酸分泌机制中,H+/K+-ATP酶主要展现出E1和E2两种主要的构象态:E1态的活性位点面向胞质,表现出对H+的高亲和力和对K+的低亲和力;E2态的活性位点面向胞外,特征为对H+的低亲和力和对K+的高亲和力 [12] 。ATP水解驱动的磷酸化过程诱导了H+/K+-ATP酶的构象转换,从而实现了H+与K+在细胞膜上的特异性结合与解离。具体而言,在胃壁细胞中,H+在E1构象下被捕获并伴随着磷酸化过程转变为E2构象,进而H+被释放至胃腺小管的间隙中。随后,K+与E2态的外侧活性位点结合,引发E2态的去磷酸化并促使其回转为E1态,最终将K+转移至细胞内,完成循环 [13] 。VPZ作为一种亲脂性弱碱性物质,能够在酸性环境迅速发生质子化反应,并通过非共价作用方式与E2态的H+/K+-ATP酶进行可逆性竞争性结合,阻碍酶分子的脱磷酸化和构象变化,从而抑制了质子与钾离子的交换,达到抑制胃酸分泌的效果 [14] 。

2.2. VPZ与传统PPI的比较

PPI以非活性前体形态进入体内后,先经胃酸活化得到次磺酸或次磺酰胺,随后与胃壁细胞的H+/K+-ATP酶发生作用,导致该酶的构象发生变化,进而不可逆地抑制H+/K+-ATP酶的活性,从而抑制胃酸分泌 [15] 。这一机制决定了PPI需要先经胃酸活化才能发挥作用,而VPZ以活性形式进入壁细胞,在酸性环境中具有稳定性,并且无需胃酸活化,可快速起效 [16] [17] 。除此之外,PPI的化学稳定性易受环境因素如温度和光照的影响。相比之下,VPZ拥有吡啶环结构,在胃酸性环境中的稳定性可以达到至少8小时,从而可以持续并稳定地抑制胃酸的分泌 [18] 。VPZ的酸性解离常数(pKa)值为9.6,这意味着在胃部高酸性环境(pH 1.0至2.0)下,它能迅速进行质子化反应,质子化的VPZ能够在胃黏膜的酸性分泌小管中高度富集,并在此迅速展现其抑酸效果 [14] 。与此同时,PPI在pH值增加时其活性显著下降,而VPZ的弱碱性理化特性使其在抑制H+/K+-ATP酶活性时较不受中性pH条件的影响,使其抑酸效果更为稳定。此外,VPZ对H+/K+-ATP酶具有高度亲和性和较长的解离半衰期,且能与该酶的静息态和激活态同时结合,因此其抑酸效果更持久且疗效更加显著 [14] 。

2.3. VPZ的药代动力学

VPZ的代谢途径与PPI不同,不经过CYP2C19催化而主要依赖CYP3A4进行代谢,因此,VPZ的抗酸效能不会受到CYP2C19基因多态性的干扰,从而在不同基因型个体中展现出一致而稳定的疗效 [19] 。研究揭示,VPZ与克拉霉素(clarithromycin, CLA)在药物动力学领域展现出协同增效,作为一种显著的CYP3A4抑制剂,CLA能显著减缓VPZ的代谢速率 [20] 。在健康人群中,VPZ单次口服的药物达到血浆中位最高浓度时间(Tmax)为2.0小时,平均消除半衰期为9.0小时;连续口服时,Tmax缩短至1.5小时,消除半衰期介于5.7至8.8小时之间,表明VPZ适宜制备成快释剂型,并且在多次给药后仅显示出微量的药物累积 [21] 。相比于健康人,肝肾功能减退的患者服用VPZ后的最大血浆浓度(Cmax)和面积下药物血浆浓度–时间曲线(AUC0-∞)显著增加 [14] ,故老年人及肝脏、肾脏功能不全患者应在用药时加以谨慎。相关研究显示 [10] [22] [23] ,相比于PPI,VPZ具有首剂全效特点。

3. VPZ在根除Hp治疗中的现状

3.1. VPZ在Hp初治患者中的应用

目前含VPZ的初治方案主要包括:VPZ联合2种抗生素的三联方案,VPZ联合2种抗生素及铋剂的四联方案,VPZ与阿莫西林(amoxicillin, AMOX)的双联方案。

3.1.1. 含VPZ的三联方案

含VPZ三联方案是指使用VPZ和两种抗生素根除Hp感染7~14天,使用的抗生素一般为AMOX、CLA。

2016年,一项针对650名Hp阳性受试者的一线三联疗法的III期试验显示,VPZ三联方案的一线根除率为92.6% (95%置信区间[CI]:89.2~95.2%),而兰索拉唑三联方案为75.9% (95%CI: 70.9~80.5%)。差异为16.7% (95%CI: 11.2~22.1%),证实了VPZ三联方案根除率不劣于兰索拉唑三联方案(p < 0.0001) [24] 。在另一项包含了141例Hp阳性患者的随机对照试验中,VPZ组根除率为95.8% (95%CI: 88.3~99.1%),高于PPI组的69.6% (95%CI: 57.3~80.1%),有显著性差异(p < 0.001)。Rokkas等 [25] 根据全球随机对照试验的网络荟萃分析,调查了针对Hp感染的经验性一线方案的效果,结果显示VPZ三重方案获得了超过90%的根除率。

CLA是目前一线Hp根除疗法的关键抗菌剂,而Hp的CLA耐药性正在逐年升高,这显着影响根除治疗的疗效。在一项荟萃分析 [26] 中,对于CLA耐药菌株患者,含VPZ的三联方案明显优于含PPI的三联方案(根除率:82.0% [VPZ] vs 40.0% [PPI],OR:6.83,95%CI:3.63~12.86,p < 0.0001)。然而,80%的根除率不尽如人意,因此VPZ三联方案可能并不适合用于感染CLA耐药菌株的患者。

针对7天-VPZ三联方案(7-VAC),一项泰国的随机临床试验 [27] ,比较了7-VAC和14天–奥美拉唑(omeprazole)三联方案(14-OAC)对Hp根除的疗效,结果显示7-VAC和14-OAC的Hp根除率分别为96.7%和88.5% (p = 0.083),疗效和副作用相似。但VPZ-7天三联方案还需更多实验研究证明其效果。

如上所述,针对耐药Hp感染,VPZ三联方案较PPI三联方案有更高的根除率,但其整体根除率仍很难令人满意,考虑到我国患者对CLA的耐药率较高,VPZ三联方案或许很难在我国取得令人满意的效果。

3.1.2. 含VPZ的四联方案

四联方案是我国根除Hp最常用的一线治疗方案,按VPZ使用剂量可分为2种:标准剂量方案(VPZ 20 mg,2次/天)、低剂量方案(VPZ 20 mg,1次/天)。

Huh等 [28] 比较了含VPZ和含兰索拉唑的四联疗法在Hp初治患者中的安全性和药代动力学,发现两种治疗方案之间铋的全身暴露相似,且VPZ四联疗法具有良好的安全性和耐受性。另一项针对亚洲(非日本)患者的随机、双盲、平行组对照试验,比较了口服VPZ和兰索拉唑的四联方案对Hp的根除率。研究结果显示,对非日本亚洲患者VPZ四联方案能够达到91.5%的Hp根除率 [29] 。并且,根据我国最新的Hp治疗指南,标准剂量的VPZ四联方案可用于Hp的根除,虽然证据等级较低且为弱推荐。

低剂量VPZ四联方案仅有少量报道,一项单中心、开放标签、非劣效的随机对照研究,评估了每天20 mg VPZ的四联方案在Hp根除中的疗效、耐受性和成本效益。结果显示,低剂量VPZ四联方案与每天2次20 mg的艾司奥美拉唑(ESO)四联方案的根除率相当,并且更经济高效 [30] 。

总体而言,标准剂量的VPZ四联方案比较适合我国Hp耐药率较高的国情,并且得到了相关指南的推荐;虽有研究表明VPZ 20 mgqd的抑酸效果与ESO 20 mgbid的效果相似 [22] ,但是低剂量VPZ四联方案则需要更多的临床研究以进一步证明其效果。

3.1.3. 含VPZ的双联方案

VPZ联合AMOX (VA)双联方案同样也被许多学者所认可。有学者认为优化的VA方案在提高Hp治愈率的同时,可以有效改善抗生素耐药性问题 [31] 。但就如PPI-AMOX双联方案一样,VA双重方案的根除率因AMOX的不同给药方案和治疗时间而异。

一项多中心的前瞻性随机临床试验显示 [32] ,7天VA二联方案的Hp根除率不逊于7天VAC三联方案(84.5% vs 89.2%, p = 0.203),并且对CLA耐药株的根除效果优于VAC三联方案(92.3% vs 76.2%, p = 0.048)。日本的Gotoda等 [33] 和Sue等 [34] 的研究同样表明,7天似乎是VA方案的足够治疗期。然而来自我国的2项相关研究显示,7-VA方案似乎不能取得令人满意的根除率:Lin等 [35] 报道,在治疗期间,7-VA方案未能达到可接受的根除率(58.3%和60.7%);Hu等 [36] 比较了不同AMOX给药方案的7天和10天方案,发现7天和10天方案均不能达到足够的根除率,然而,他们报告14天的方案可以达到足够的根除率(89.1%)。同期在美国和欧洲进行的一项III期临床试验中,使三组随机分配的初治患者(n = 1046)分别接受14天VAC方案、14天VA方案和14天PPI三联方案。结果表明,两种基于VPZ方案的根除率(80.8%和77.2%)均高于PPI三联方案(68.5%) [37] 。因此,VA方案的最佳治疗期似乎在不同地区和民族之间存在差异。

如上所述,VA双重方案的最大优点是在不降低根除率的情况下降低不良事件的风险。在该方案中,不使用CLA,使CLA引起的药物相互作用、心律失常 [38] 和其他不良事件的风险降低。同时,使用抗生素总体剂量的减少,减少了对口腔及肠道菌群产生的负面影响 [39] [40] [41] 。而VA方案的最佳治疗时间或许还需要进一步探索。

3.2. VPZ在复发性或难治性Hp感染中的效果

3.2.1. 含VPZ的二线方案

一线治疗失败后,可选择VPZ联合AMOX及甲硝唑(metronidazole, MTZ)方案(VAM)作为根除Hp的二线方案。一项来自日本的随机对照试验显示,50例一线治疗失败的患者在接受二线VAM方案后,根除率达到了惊人的98% [24] 。同期Katayama等 [42] 进行了一项多中心队列研究,对23一线治疗失败的患者使用了二线VAM方案,最终的Hp根除率为87.0% (95%CI: 66.4%~97.2%)。但是上述两项研究样本较少且未将VAM二线方案与传统二线方案进行比较。为填补上述缺点,Hojo等 [43] 进行了一项随机对照研究,比较了包含VPZ或PPI的二线三联疗法对Hp感染的疗效,VPZ组在PP分析中的根除率为89.4%,VPZ组和PPI组在根除率以及安全性方面没有显著差异。综上所述,VPZ作为Hp感染患者的二线治疗方案的根除效果不劣于PPI方案,但考虑到我国Hp的MTZ耐药率同样较高,可能需要将MTZ更换为其他抗生素。米诺环素是一种半合成四环素,Hp对其耐药率低,并且可用于青霉素过敏患者的治疗,目前VPZ联合米诺环素的研究极少见,可能与下列原因有关:1) 米诺环素潜在的不良反应 [44] ;2) 米诺环素为抑菌药,可能会促进耐药的发展,导致耐药菌株的比例增加 [45] 。

大剂量PPI-AMOX方案是Hp感染的一种二线治疗,其疗效已被数项随机对照试验 [46] [47] 证明。VPZ的抑酸效果优于PPI,因此大剂量VPZ-AMOX方案有望用于Hp感染的二线治疗,但还需进一步临床研究。

3.2.2. 含VPZ的三线及四线方案

一线二线方案均失败时,VPZ联合AMOX及西他沙星(sitafloxacin, STFX)的方案(VAS)可作为治疗Hp的补救方案。Sue等 [48] 在一项前瞻性随机对照试验中,对经一线(VAC)和二线(VAM)治疗失败的63名患者分别使用了VAS方案和PPI-AMOX-STFX方案(PPIAS),结果显示,在符合方案分析中,VAS组的根除率(83.3%)显著高于PPIAS组(57.1%) (p = 0.043)。研究结论表明,相对于PPI,VPZ更适合与STFX联用根除Hp。另一项回顾性研究 [49] 也表明,无论是对STFX敏感或耐药的患者,VAS三线方案的根除率都比传统PPI三线方案更高。

除上述方案外,VPZ联合AMOX及利福布汀(rifabutin, RFB)的方案(VAR)也有部分报道。Inokuchi等 [50] 招募了对二线治疗无反应的患者,以评估7天VAR三联疗法作为Hp感染的三线方案的疗效和安全性。意向性分析和符合方案分析显示根除率较高(分别为91.2%,95%CI:84~99%和92.7%,95%CI:86~100%)。结果表明,该方案作为三线治疗或连续根除Hp是有效和安全的。Hirata等 [51] 通过招募在日本接受三线疗法失败的Hp感染患者,评估VAR三联方案对于难治性Hp感染的疗效和安全性。结果显示,该方案在19名患者中均取得了100%的Hp根除率,副作用主要为软便、轻度腹泻。看起来VAR方案取得了不错的疗效。然而,根据世界卫生组织的统计数据,2021年中国结核病新发患者数约78万,而造成结核病患者死亡的主要原因之一是抗生素耐药,RFB的大规模使用可能会导致结核菌耐药率的增加。因此,相比VAR方案,VAS方案可能更符合我国国情。

4. VPZ的安全性及不良事件

肝毒性是之前多种P-CAB药物在临床开发过程中被叫停的主要原因。然而,与以前的P-CAB是咪唑–吡啶衍生物不同,VPZ是一种吡咯衍生物,其肝毒性风险较低。且在治疗剂量40 mg至大剂量120 mg范围内,VPZ不会导致受试者QTc间期延长 [52] 。VPZ的常见不良反应主要表现为消化道症状,如恶心、呕吐、腹泻和便秘等,且大多数在停药后即可消失,目前尚未有危及生命的严重不良事件的报道。多项研究表明,标准的VPZ三联疗法在日本青少年中的安全性较高 [33] [53] 。尽管VPZ在短期内具有良好的安全性,但由于其显著的酸抑制特性,长期接受治疗的患者需要警惕潜在的不良事件的发生。例如,长期接受VPZ治疗的患者血清胃泌素水平升高 [14] ,虽然没有证据表明P-CAB诱导的高胃泌素血症会导致人类神经内分泌肿瘤,但P-CAB诱导的肠嗜铬细胞刺激和神经内分泌肿瘤风险增加仍然存在。酸抑制还可能影响肠道微生物群,增加由艰难梭菌引起的腹泻的风险 [54] [55] 。过度的酸抑制还可能引起吸收不良,导致缺铁性贫血、低镁血症和低钙血症等 [19] 。此外,也有报道VPZ治疗后可观察到壁细胞突起和催产腺扩张 [56] 。日本一项研究报道了可能由VPZ诱发的特殊胃黏膜改变 [57] 。因此,长期接受VPZ治疗的患者需要定期进行胃镜检查以评估胃黏膜的变化。其他可能的不良反应包括间质性肾炎、慢性肾脏病等,需要进一步研究的证实。

5. 总结

VPZ作为一种新型有效的P-CAB类药物,具有持久、稳定、强力的抑酸作用。相关研究已证明,在Hp根除中,VPZ方案的疗效与PPI相当甚至优于PPI,VPZ联合抗生素可作为一线、二线、三线及四线治疗方案,安全性及耐受性良好,疗效逐渐被国际所认可。Hp的全球标准疗法有可能在未来发生变化。目前的局限在于,相关研究大多在日本进行,由于不同地区民族间的差异及对抗生素耐药性不同等因素,VPZ根除Hp的疗效也有所差异。且VPZ的长期安全性仍在研究中。因此,为了更好地探讨VPZ用于Hp根除治疗的疗效、安全性等问题,还需要在全球开展更多前瞻性、多中心的随机对照试验。目前我国相关指南已明确标准剂量VPZ含铋四联方案可用于Hp的一线治疗,但是针对VPZ的使用剂量、治疗时间及含VPZ的其他治疗方案,还需要更多的国内研究及临床实践来完善。

基金项目

青岛市科技攻关计划项目23-1-4-xxgg-20-nsh抗幽海洋乳杆菌发酵关键技术研发及产业化。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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