纳米炭在治疗早期宫颈癌中的应用进展
Application Progress of Nano-Carbon in the Treatment of Early Cervical Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1361403, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 347  浏览: 474 
作者: 韩 欣:青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁;王烈宏*:青海红十字医院妇科,青海 西宁
关键词: 宫颈癌前哨淋巴结纳米炭Cervical Cancer Anterior Lymph Nodes Nano-Carbon
摘要: 美国国家癌症研究所已将SLN作为一项关键的临床指导,用于评估外阴癌、子宫内膜癌和宫颈癌患者的淋巴结转移率,从而提高治疗的有效性。随着宫颈癌越来越早地被筛查检出,确定淋巴结转移将更好地帮助临床医生明确患者后续治疗方案,纳米活性炭具有较好的淋巴示踪和可吸附化疗药物行淋巴靶向化疗功能。将纳米炭注入患者体内以达到术中淋巴结的识别及清扫。本文就纳米炭在治疗早期宫颈癌中的应用作一综述。
Abstract: The National Cancer Institute has adopted SLN as a key clinical guideline to assess the rate of lymph node metastasis in patients with vulvar, endometrial and cervical cancers, thereby improving the effectiveness of treatment. As cervical cancer is being detected at an earlier stage of screening, identifying lymph node metastasis will better help clinicians to define the subsequent treatment plan for patients, nano-activated carbon has better lymphatic tracing and can absorb chemothera-peutic drugs for lymphatic targeting chemotherapy. Nano-carbon is injected into patients to achieve intraoperative lymph node identification and clearance. This paper reviews the application of nano carbon in the treatment of early stage cervical cancer.
文章引用:韩欣, 王烈宏. 纳米炭在治疗早期宫颈癌中的应用进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(6): 10038-10043. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1361403

1. 引言

宫颈癌 [1] 的发病率居全球第四,是最常见的女性恶性肿瘤之一,近年来发病人群趋于年轻化 [2] 。随着经济发展水平的提高、两癌筛查工作的开展以及妇科保健意识的增强 [3] ,早期发现宫颈癌的病例呈增多趋势,其主要的治疗方式以手术治疗和放疗为主,根据2022NCCN子宫颈癌临床实践指南(第1版)推荐,根治性子宫切除术 + 双侧盆腔淋巴结切除术是IA2~IB2期患者首选的治疗方法,宫颈癌手术中淋巴结切除范围涉及盆腔淋巴结及腹主动脉淋巴结 [4] ,因其早期转移率仅为15%~20% [5] 。为了避免不必要的淋巴切除,同时减少术后并发症的发生缓解病人的痛苦,前哨淋巴结活检技术(sentinel lymph node biopsy, SLNB)应时而生 [6] 。纳米炭则是新一代具有较高淋巴系统趋向性的临床辅助染料,这种试剂的高淋巴趋向性使其在SLNB中具备一定的优越性,并逐渐成为临床研究热点之一。

2. 宫颈癌前哨淋巴结的引流分布

宫颈癌主要通过侵犯邻近组织(阴道、子宫旁组织、子宫体、膀胱、直肠)局部扩散,或先转移到髂外的淋巴结,然后转移到髂骨或主动脉旁的普通淋巴结 [7] [8] 。Cabana [9] 等人于1977年通过阴茎背侧淋巴管造影检查时首次发现了淋巴结转移的第1站淋巴结,因此将其命名为前哨淋巴结。研究发现 [10] ,80%的前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)存在于盆腔组织中,王雅婷 [11] 等人研究显示,SLN引流区域主要位于髂总(10.7%)、子宫旁(7.6%)、骶前(0.4%)区域。Lobna Ouldamer [12] 等研究表明SLN作图有助于发现常规盆腔淋巴结切除术区域以外的转移(即异常定位)。这些不寻常的部位包括主动脉旁区、髂总区、旁区和骶前区。据报道 [13] ,异常区域的分布为15.1%~16.3%。Balaya [14] 等分析了两项前瞻性研究(SENTICOL I和II),并报道了11.8%的转移性SLN在非常规引流区域被发现。这些研究说明宫颈癌的淋巴引流途径是存在明显的个体差异的,因此临床医生在术中更好的明确清扫范围面临着新的挑战。

3. 前哨淋巴结的检测与挑战

前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node, SLN) [3] [15] [16] [17] 是原发肿瘤淋巴引流区域的第1站淋巴结,淋巴结活检检测是基于其可以识别原发肿瘤中接受淋巴引流的第1个淋巴结组的原理。因此,通过前哨淋巴结活检技术得出结论,如果一个肿瘤或器官的淋巴引流是可预测的,并且检测到SLN也没有转移,那么可以认为盆腔内其余淋巴结转移理论上也应该是阴性的 [18] ,则无需行进一步的系统性淋巴结清除,可以减少手术范围缩短手术时间,从而降低了传统的系统性盆腔淋巴结清扫带来的损伤 [19] ,如:神经损伤、大血管损伤、肠管损伤等,提高患者的生活质量。研究发现,前哨淋巴结活检技术目前在乳腺癌、黑色素瘤、外阴癌、子宫内膜癌以及胃癌等手术中广泛应用 [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] 。

关于前哨淋巴结的检测方法,目前主要有染料法、放射性核素法两种方式临床上多采用染料法。染料法目前主要以亚甲蓝、活性炭、和纳米炭混悬注射液为代表。亚甲蓝操作简单,无需特殊的成像设备设备,安全性较高,且有较强的淋巴系统趋向性,曾在临床手术中被广泛应用,但亚甲蓝可渗透到周围毛细血管及周围的软组织,从而降低淋巴检出率,而且使用亚甲蓝会发生全身过敏反应以及伴随诸多并发症 [25] 。以活性炭为代表的燃料淋巴趋向性强,但其颗粒大小不均,黑染不均,现临床应用较少。纳米炭颗粒微小、弥散速度快、持久清晰显色、安全,且具有高度的淋巴系统趋向性,同时,使用纳米炭示踪SLN易于操作,无需特殊设备,开腹和腹腔镜均可进行,目前多被临床广泛应用。放射性示踪剂具有放射性污染,术前准备复杂需要特殊的探测设备,探测时所受干扰因素较大,会降低SLN的检出率,基于其设备的严苛性以及操作的繁琐,目前仅有较少的中心开展。

前哨淋巴结活检技术在临床应用上面也面临许多挑战。受限于临床患者的个体差异性,不同器官的淋巴引流复杂多样,SLN定位需要熟练的操作技术。由于SLN活检仅确定第一组引流淋巴结的状态,可能会漏检少数大转移(直径为 > 2 mm的转移瘤)、逆行转移、跳跃转移和高内皮小静脉转移 [26] ,从而延误患者的最佳治疗,导致医患纠纷。一项早期上皮性卵巢癌的临床研究发现,立即手术分期的阳性率高于延迟手术分期的阳性率(88.9 vs. 41.7%) [27] 。另一项早期卵巢癌的临床试验结果表明,如果SLN定位推迟到肿瘤切除后5~8周,则无法成功定位SLN [28] 。前哨淋巴结作图如果使用外源性淋巴结示踪剂,还存在过敏反应的风险 [29] [30] 以及电离辐射的可能性,如99 mTc、18FFDG等放射性示踪剂。异硫丹蓝、漆蓝和亚甲蓝有许多病例报道 [31] ,常表现为荨麻疹、头部潮红、心动过缓、皮肤坏死、严重呼吸窘迫、低血压,甚至无脉性电活动 [32] [33] 。

4. 纳米炭示踪剂的特点

纳米炭是新一代高淋巴系统趋向性的生物染料。具有良好的靶标效率和安全性;尚未报道纳米炭颗粒引起的明显细胞毒性或致畸、不良反应或并发症 [34] [35] [36] 。纳米炭颗粒是经过纳米技术加工的活性炭产品,其直径均匀为21 nm,为了获得悬浮液,这些纳米颗粒与悬浮剂和盐水偶联,其最终直径为,150 nm,毛细血管内皮连接处的间隙尺寸在30至50 nm之间,基底膜完整,而淋巴毛细血管内皮连接处的间隙尺寸在100至500 nm之间,连接松散,基底膜不完整,因此纳米炭颗粒不进入血管,而是进入淋巴管并发生巨噬细胞吞噬作用,吞噬细胞化的颗粒聚集并保留在淋巴结中,赋予淋巴结黑色,从而允许对肿瘤周围的引流淋巴结进行体内染色,减少术野污染,并且术后数月最终通过肺和肠道排泄出体外而消失,从而减少全身的不良反应 [8] [37] (如:减少淋巴囊肿,神经血管损伤等不良后果)。因此,纳米炭因其稳定性和操作可行性而被认为是前哨淋巴结的优良示踪剂。纳米炭的应用克服了其他示踪剂遇到的问题,比如注射时间和资源有限。多项研究显示 [10] [38] [39] ,纳米炭无需术前注射,待患者麻醉成功以后进行注射,数分钟后即可进行前哨淋巴结活检。此外,此种技术肉眼观察即可,无需淋巴闪烁造影或近红外成像设备 [11] 。

SLN示踪成功与否受诸多因素的影响。首先医生的手术经验是影响SLN检出率的重要因素。临床医生大约需要20~30例 [37] 的学习经验。术者SLNB经验不足时,容易导致SLN识别失败。所以,专家共识推荐手术者必须经过培训,积累一定的手术例数和经验,才能规范开展子宫颈癌前哨淋巴结活检技术。第二,如果肿瘤体积很大,肿瘤中心会发生坏死,导致纳米炭逆行性通过宫颈管渗漏至阴道。第三,术前化疗可能会影响淋巴引流,导致实际SLN无法定位,导致假阴性率增加,降低SLN的检出率。第四,SLN定位的另一个重要影响因素是肿瘤大小。比如陆 [8] 等人的研究也发现肿瘤直径不足2 cm时SLN的检出率为100%,而当肿瘤直径超过2 cm时SLN检出率为93.75%,差异有统计学意义。

5. 纳米炭在宫颈癌SLN中的示踪特点

子宫颈癌术后并发症严重影响妇科恶性肿瘤患者的生活质量,传统系统淋巴结清扫不仅创伤大,而且术后并发症也较高,来自一项前瞻性多中心随机试验比较并评估了前哨淋巴结活检与系统淋巴结清扫两种手术的术后发病率并对病人进行了严密的随访,前哨淋巴结活检组(31.4%)患者术后淋巴水肿、蜂窝组织炎、神经损伤等并发症明显低于淋巴结清扫组(51.5%) [40] 。一项大规模的子宫内膜癌的回顾性队列研究显示 [41] ,SLN的手术时间也较全身淋巴结清扫手术时间更短(152 min vs 370 min)。手术时间的缩短有助于降低患者术后伤口的污染和感染率,从而提高患者的生活质量。

作为新型示踪剂,纳米炭目前在国内已经取得相当不错的成绩。白碧莹 [42] 等人对158例早期宫颈癌患者使用纳米炭进行示踪,得出结论SLN总检出率为86.1%,双侧检出率为60.8%,准确率为98.5%,阴性预测值为98.4%,认为纳米炭示踪前哨淋巴结应用于早期宫颈癌是可行的。最新的一项研究提示 [15] ,SLN检出率为84.8%,敏感度为83.3%,特异度为100%,准确率为98.5%,纳米炭在早期宫颈癌中有较高的应用价值。纳米技术在宫颈癌术后化疗中同样适用,常规化疗药物具有细胞毒性,在杀死肿瘤细胞的同时,也对其他正在健康分裂的细胞带来非常严重的危害 [43] 。纳米粒子的比表面积大和化学性质使癌症特异性分子附着在纳米粒子表面,这些分子可以特异性的结合在癌细胞上的靶标上。由于纳米体积小,它可以很容易地穿透到特定的肿瘤细胞,也可以通过主动靶向进入肿瘤细胞,吸附化疗药物的纳米活性炭可将药物带到局部淋巴结并持续缓慢释放达到淋巴靶向化疗的目的,在不影响正常细胞的情况下,提高了药物进入肿瘤部位的浓度,从而提高了治疗效率 [44] [45] 。

6. 总结与展望

综上,纳米炭具有体积微小、在体内扩散速度快、存留体内时间久等特点,且具有高淋巴系统趋向性,同时,使用纳米炭示踪SLN易于操作,无需特殊设备,开腹和腹腔镜均可进行。纳米炭示踪前哨淋巴结在宫颈癌中的应用价值评价目前已在国内开展多项研究,但影响其检出率的因素及注射部位等仍存在争议,因此需要更多的大规模、多中心研究对其进行探索。另外,由于纳米炭颗粒的比表面积和化学性质、极强的吸附解吸附功能,是极好的淋巴靶向化疗药物的载体。鉴于不同患者有不同的临床反应,所以在未来的研究中需大量的临床试验或者病例分析来论证。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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