不同分期多原发肺癌对免疫治疗的病理反应并一例报告及文献复习
Pathologic Response to Immunotherapy in Different Stages of Multiple Primary Lung Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.133714, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 228  浏览: 373 
作者: 魏超禹, 马世鑫:大连医科大学研究生院,辽宁 大连;王伦青*:青岛市市立医院胸外科,山东 青岛
关键词: 多原发肺癌PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗Multiple Primary Lung Cancer PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy
摘要: 目的:多原发肺癌的临床发病率逐年增长,给临床治疗带来了很大麻烦。本研究通过术后病理结果分析该疾病的临床特征,回顾性分析免疫治疗在该病中的治疗效果,旨在增加对该病的病理特征认识,促进疾病的全身性治疗。方法:报道1例多原发肺癌,并复习相关文献。结果:根据临床表现、CT检查及病理结果,诊断为多原发肺癌。结论:免疫治疗对分期较早的多原发肺癌不敏感,并非每个人都需要联合治疗以获得最佳疗效。
Abstract: Objective: The clinical incidence of multiple primary lung cancer is increasing year by year, which brings great trouble to clinical treatment. This study analyzed the clinical features of this disease by postoperative pathological results, and the therapeutic effects of immunotherapy in the disease were retrospectively analyzed in order to increase the understanding of the pathological features of the disease and promote the systemic treatment of the disease. Methods: A case of multiple primary lung cancer was reported and the related literatures were reviewed. Results: According to the clin-ical manifestations, CT examination and pathological findings, multiple primary lung cancers were diagnosed. Conclusion: Immunotherapy is not sensitive to multi primary lung cancer with early stage, and not everyone needs combination therapy for optimal outcome.
文章引用:魏超禹, 马世鑫, 王伦青. 不同分期多原发肺癌对免疫治疗的病理反应并一例报告及文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(3): 5036-5042. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.133714

1. 引言

多原发肺癌(multiple primary lung cancer, MPLC)是指同一患者肺内同时或先后发生2个或2个以上原发性恶性肿瘤。根据两癌间隔时间,MPLC可以分为同时性 MPLC (两癌间隔时间 ≤ 6个月,sMPLC)和异时性MPLC (两癌间隔时间 > 6个月,mMPLC) [1] 。随着CT在肺癌筛查中的广泛应用,磨玻璃结节的检出率逐年增加,在接受手术切除的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者中,3.7%~7%的患者被诊断为同时性多原发肺癌 [2] [3] 。目前多原发性肺癌的治疗方案以根治性手术为主 [4] [5] ,而对于一些拒绝手术或那些医学上不能手术的早期肺癌患者,立体定向放疗(stereotactic body radiation therapy, SBRT)是其主要的治疗方式。此外,对于肺功能受限或超多发肺结节的患者,靶向治疗和免疫治疗也是不可或缺的治疗方法 [6] [7] [8] 。本研究报道1例一名70岁男性,诊断为同时性多原发肺癌,无EGFR/ALK/ROS1/BRAFV600E基因突变。患者在术前接受抗PD-1免疫治疗联合化疗,除原位腺癌外,其余均获得了完全的病理缓解。

2. 临床资料

70岁男性,因“咳嗽、痰中带血3周”于2019-10-01就诊于青岛市市立医院。患者既往有吸烟史50年,20支/日,饮酒史50年,有肾囊肿和膀胱结石病史。体格检查显示胸部无明显异常。胸部CT显示左肺尖区见大小约30 mm × 25 mm结节,边缘见分叶、毛刺、胸膜尾征,纵隔淋巴结肿大伴血管侵犯;左肺上叶见大小约9 mm × 7 mm磨玻璃结节(GGO);右肺下叶胸膜下区见大小约10 mm × 6 mm混合磨玻璃密度结节(图1)。

左肺尖病变穿刺活检证实为中分化腺癌,免疫组化(IHC)染色分析证实:Ki67 (5%+)、CK7 (+)、CK20 (−)、EGFR (+)、P40 (−)、P53 (70%+)、NapsinA (+)、CD56 (−)、CK5/6 (−)、CK (+)、TIF-1 (+)。同时对PD-L1 (SP263, Ventana)进行了染色,活检肿瘤细胞中PD-L1阳性率为5%,通过突变扩增系统(ARMS)方法进行基因检测,ALK重排,EGFR突变、BRAFV600E突变为阴性,通过逆转录–聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)

Figure 1. Chest CT image; ((a), (b)) left apical pulmonary nodule, mediastinal lymphadenopathy with vascular invasion; (c) GGO in the left upper lobe; (d) GGO in the right lower lobe

图1. 胸部CT图像;((a), (b))左肺尖结节,纵隔淋巴结肿大伴血管侵犯;(c)左肺上叶GGO;(d)右肺下叶GGO

法,ROS1重排也为阴性(图2)。除血清中神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平为21.47 ng/mL (正常范围为0~12.5 ng/mL),细胞角蛋白-19片段(CYFRA21-1)水平为7.08 ng/mL (正常范围,0~3 ng/mL)外,实验室检查均在正常范围内。

Figure 2. Pathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) examination; ((a), (b)) moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (HE staining) confirmed by biopsy of the left lung tip; ((c)) Immunohistochemical staining for PD-L1 (SP263 and TTF-1)

图2. 病理及免疫组化(IHC)检查;((a), (b))左肺尖活检证实为中分化腺癌(HE染色);(c)免疫组化染色PD-L1 (SP263和TTF-1)

患者最初接受奈达铂(60 mg/m2)和培美曲塞(800 mg/m2)。经过一个周期治疗后,患者于2019年10月29日接受常规检查,血清肿瘤标志物水平恢复到正常范围,胸部CT提示肿瘤大小无明显变化。11月2日患者接受奈达铂(60 mg/m2)、培美曲塞(800 mg/m2)和PD-1抑制剂(卡瑞利珠单抗,200 mg/3 w)治疗,该患者出现对奈达铂的超敏反应。随后,患者接受了3个周期培美曲塞(800 mg/m2)、顺铂(75 mg/m2)和卡瑞利珠单抗(200 mg/3 w)的治疗方案(2019年11月26日至2020年2月18日)。

在PD-1抑制剂联合化疗的4个治疗周期中,左肺尖恶性肿瘤和肿大淋巴结明显缩小(图3),两个GGO病变没有显著变化(图4)。经过5个周期的治疗后,根据实体肿瘤反应评估标准1.1版(RECIST1.1),左肺尖恶性肿瘤和淋巴结获得了部分缓解(PR) (图5)。

Figure 3. Malignant tumor and lymph node in the left apical lung

图3. 左肺尖恶性肿瘤及淋巴结

Figure 4. ((a), (c)) nodules in the left upper lobe; ((b), (d)) Nodules in the right lower lobe of the lung

图4. ((a), (c))左肺上叶结节;((b), (d))右肺下叶结节

多学科团队(MDT)讨论认为该患者在接受免疫治疗加化疗后获得了手术的机会。2020年3月20日,对右肺下叶GGO病变行肺楔形切除术,病理检查显示原位腺癌,免疫组化结果:Ki67 (<5%+)、CK7 (+)、CK20 (−)、EGFR (+)、P40 (−)、P53 (野生型)、CD34 (血管+,未见瘤栓) NapsinA (+)、CD56 (−)、CK5/6 (−)、CK (+)、TIF-1 (+)、EMA (+)、PHH3 (+)、SSTR2 (−) (图5)。2020年4月23日,对左肺尖肿瘤和纵隔淋巴结行左肺上叶切除术加纵隔淋巴结切除术。手术标本的组织学检查提示14个淋巴结无肿瘤转移(ypN0),证实了完全的病理缓解(ypT0) (图6)。由于这些病变起源于不同的原位腺癌,并位于不同的肺叶,患者被诊断为同时性多发性原发性肺腺癌。

Figure 5. Pathological response of a malignant tumor in the left apical lung after five cycles of neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy

图5. 左肺尖恶性肿瘤在新辅助免疫治疗加化疗5个周期后病理缓解

Figure 6. Adenocarcinoma in situ in the lower right lung

图6. 右肺下部原位腺癌

术后,该患者接受顺铂(75 mg/m2)、培美曲塞(800 mg/m2)和PD-1抑制剂(卡瑞利珠单抗,200 mg/3 w)辅助治疗2个周期(2020年6月3日至2020年6月24日)。并在术后进行密切的随访和常规检查,2022年1月10日最新胸部CT扫描显示无复发证据。血清中肿瘤标志物水平在正常范围内。通过对初始活检组织样本进行下一代测序(NGS),检测到BRAF突变(p.T599I和p.K601E),LRP1B突变(p.P4348T)和TP53突变(p.P278A)。肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)为7.04个突变/Mb (参考值,10 muts/Mb)。该肿瘤属于微卫星稳定性(MSS)。

3. 讨论

目前尚无MPLC的标准治疗方案。早期同时性多原发性肺癌的5年生存率为52.5%~69.6%,特别是I期的肺癌五年生存率能达到75%,而一些T4、淋巴结转移和伴血管侵袭的肿瘤术后预后较差 [3] [9] [10] 。对于早期的肺恶性肿瘤,相比化疗、免疫和靶向等治疗手段,积极的手术或者SBRT可能是SMPLC最有效的治疗方法 [11] 。这些预后不良和IIIB-IV期的MPLC患者,免疫治疗或免疫治疗加化疗可能是一种有效的治疗方法,特别是对于高肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)、高微卫星不稳定性(MSI-H)和/或PD-L1表达阳性的患者 [12] [13] [14] 。通过免疫治疗,这些患者可能会重新获得手术的机会,并获得长期生存。

肿瘤免疫逃逸是恶性肿瘤发生发展的重要机制之一,免疫检查点是这一机制中的关键环节之一 [15] 。PD-1和PD-L1相互作用在肿瘤免疫逃逸中发挥了重要的作用 [16] 。PD-1是CD28/B7家族中重要的免疫抑制分子,是一种含有268个氨基酸残基的膜蛋白,广泛表达于T细胞、巨噬细胞、B细胞等多种免疫细胞膜,其配体是PD-L1和PD-L2。PD-L1是由CD274基因编码并主要表达于肿瘤细胞、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞膜的蛋白,PD-L2主要表达于树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和B细胞膜,与炎症及自身免疫性疾病相关 [17] 。PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂通过阻断PD-1/PD-L1信号转导通路,抑制T细胞活化和增殖,从而介导负性免疫调控过程 [18] 。

一些正在进行的试验将免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)作为I-III期NSCLC的新辅助治疗。NADIM研究一项在IIIA期NSCLC中检测新辅助nivolumab联合化疗的II期试验,其初步结果显示很高的客观应答率(病理完全应答率,69.2%) [19] 。LCMC3研究是在IB-IIIB非小细胞肺癌阶段检测阿替唑单抗作用的II期试验,显示出21%的主要病理缓解率 [20] 。结果显示,ICIS的新辅助治疗可以达到异常高的客观反应率和足够的切除率,从而降低复发率。

考虑到仅4个周期的免疫治疗联合化疗后的完全病理反应,我们对初始活检组织样本进行了下一代测序,PD-L1表达呈阳性,TMB水平 < 10 muts/Mb。检测到LRP1B (p.P4348T)突变,该突变不包括在COSMIC中。FATHMM评价为低置信度癌基因突变(FATHMM评分,0.827) [21] ,而Mutationtaster评价为致病突变 [22] 。一些研究表明,LRP1B突变与NSCLC患者的免疫治疗预后有关,LRP1B突变的样本渗透到CD8+T细胞、活化的CD4记忆T细胞和NK细胞中,这意味着抗PD-1治疗有更好的应答 [23] [24] [25] 。携带致病或可能致病的LRP1B突变的NSCLC患者在接受ICI治疗时可能会提高总体应答率。而LRP1B (p.P4348T)的突变尚需进一步研究。在这个病例中,AIS对免疫治疗和化疗不敏感。可能是AIS局限于上皮细胞,无血管和淋巴进入,药物无法到达局部,从而导致化疗及免疫治疗无效。另有研究表明AIS的CD8阳性率低于浸润性腺癌 [26] ,这也可能是免疫治疗没有取得满意效果的原因。

近年来,免疫治疗是肺癌研究领域令人瞩目的焦点,使得肺癌治疗的策略和理念不断更新。目前,免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌治疗中的应用研究中进行得如火如荼,从二线到一线,从姑息到新辅助。免疫治疗为对其敏感的患者提供手术机会,延长无进展生存期,提高患者生活质量。但对于不同分期的非小细胞肺癌,免疫治疗的效果如何,这仍然需要相关的研究来进一步探讨。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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