“眼大肚子小”:食物趋近–回避偏向及其经典范式
“Bigger Eyes, Smaller Belly”: Food Approach-Avoidance Bias and the Classical Paradigm
DOI: 10.12677/ASS.2023.121043, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 227  浏览: 338 
作者: 严巧玲, 陈 红:西南大学心理学部,重庆
关键词: 超重肥胖趋近–回避偏向AAT研究现状Overweight Obesity Approach-Avoidance Bias Research Status of AAT
摘要: 随着社会发展,我国已有一半成年居民超重或肥胖,这严重影响着我国国民的身体健康。趋近–回避行为被认为是外显和内隐信息处理之间复杂交互作用的结果,除神经性厌食症患者外,大多数人对食物刺激均表现为趋近反应时快于回避反应时。目前,关于趋近–回避偏向的研究主要集中在西方国家中,为便于我国研究者了解和开展相关研究。本文将对趋近–回避偏向概念、理论基础、经典范式(趋近–回避任务,AAT)及研究现状进行介绍,并用趋近–回避偏向来解释“眼大肚子小”的现象,最后为未来研究方向提供了一些思路。
Abstract: With the development of society, half of the adult residents in China are overweight or obese, which seriously affects the health of Chinese people. Approach-avoidance behavior is thought to be the result of a complex interaction between explicit and implicit information processing, with most people responding faster in approach to food stimuli than avoidance except in patients with anorexia nervosa. At present, the study on approach-avoidance bias is mainly concentrated in western countries, to facilitate the convenience of our researchers to understand and carry out related research. This paper will introduce the concept, heoretical basis, classical paradigm (approach-avoidance task, AAT) and research status of approach-avoidance bias, and use approach- avoidance bias to explain the phenomenon of “Bigger Eyes, Smaller Belly”, finally provides some ideas for the future research direction.
文章引用:严巧玲, 陈红. “眼大肚子小”:食物趋近–回避偏向及其经典范式[J]. 社会科学前沿, 2023, 12(1): 308-316. https://doi.org/10.12677/ASS.2023.121043

1. 问题提出

肥胖是一个日益严峻的社会现象。2020年12月23日,国新办发布《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》显示,中国18岁及以上居民男性和女性的平均体重分别为69.6千克和59千克,中国超过一半的成年居民超重或肥胖。因此,探究肥胖背后的危险因素刻不容缓。

随着经济的发展以及人们生活方式的改变,食物的可得性不再是决定超重或肥胖的因素,相反心理社会因素才是调节人们的饮食行为和使人们超重的原因。日常生活中,我们自动倾向于注意或趋近诱人的食物线索,这可能是一种人们下意识地接近所需物质的现象 [1],了解这种倾向也有助于理解超重/肥胖产生的原因。越来越多的研究表明:对食物刺激的注意偏向与过度饮食或肥胖之间存在相关关系 [2]。根据经典条件反射和操作条件反射过程,食物线索可以诱发强烈的趋近行为 [3] [4],这可能导致食物摄入量的增加,因此也可能导致饮食失调或体重失调的症状 [5]。在中国流传着一句广为人知的俗话“眼大肚子小”,通常情况下用来形容人们在吃饭的时候,看到美味的食物非常地眼馋,什么都想吃进肚子里,但实际上肚子承受不了,实际吃掉的食物比想吃掉的少。这到底反映出一种什么样的心理机制呢?就有研究者提出趋近–回避偏向(approach-avoidance bias)这一概念。

2. 趋近–回避偏向

具有正效价的刺激会促使趋近行为,而具有负效价的刺激会促使回避行为 [6]。对此有研究者提出这是进化带来的结果,并且评价过程与趋近–回避行为密切相关 [6] [7]。评价过程具体指对刺激的情感评估,其促使了人们更倾向于趋近还是回避该刺激 [8],但这也被认为是一种认知偏见,用于调节不想要的或不适应的行为 [9]。此外,双过程模型将信息处理过程分为反思性的(受控制的)和冲动的(自动的)两个过程,并认为人们的行为是反思性和冲动性相互作用的结果 [7]。趋近–回避行为通常被认为是内隐(冲动性的)和外显(反思性的)信息处理复杂交互作用的结果 [10],其机制也被认为是动机和行为取向的核心元素 [11]。通过查阅文献发现,趋近–回避偏向这一概念是由西方国家的研究者提出,国内研究与之相近的概念是注意偏向(注意回避),例如对影响食物线索注意偏向个体因素的研究 [12]。

趋近–回避偏向的决定因素包括个体的状态、接近对象的特征以及他们之间的相互作用影响。进化论认为饥饿会使感官、注意力以及行为协调来促进对食物的搜索 [13],这一观点已经在一系列脑成像研究 [14] 中得到证实。心理生理学研究表明:饥饿可能会引起个体对食物的矛盾反应,当观察食物图像时,饥饿会增强颧骨肌肉的活动,表示正效价,但也会有惊吓反应,表示负效价 [15]。大量研究表明:有吸引力的食物线索会激活自动趋近偏向 [16],并吸引人们的注意力 [17]。食物趋近偏向在对食物高度渴望 [5] 和肥胖的人群 [18] 中,被发现是加强的;但在神经性厌食症患者 [19] 中是减弱的。趋近–回避偏向不仅在饮食领域(如,高热量食物和低热量食物)有较多使用 [2] [16] [20] [21] [22],也在饮食失调领域和物质成瘾领域得到广泛应用,主要包括吸烟成瘾 [23] [24] [25] [26] 、酗酒 [27] [28] [29],以及一些关于情绪障碍的研究,如焦虑障碍 [30] [31] [32] [33]。根据文献搜索结果发现,近五年的相关研究发表论文数逐年上升,研究方向除上述在不同领域不同群体间的差异检验外,越来越多研究者试图通过趋近–回避训练来改变不良行为(如,不健康饮食,抑郁,社交焦虑),典型的训练任务是要求被试反复对特定刺激进行趋近或回避的动作从而达到干预目的 [34] [35] [36] [37],但是也有部分研究者发现训练人们回避不健康食物对改变不健康饮食行为是无效的 [38]。

近年来在西方研究中,趋近–回避偏向通常用计算机处理任务来评估 [1],由Solarz首次提出 [6] 的基于操纵杆的趋近–回避任务(AAT, approach-avoidance test)被广泛应用,任务要求被试根据指示通过推动操纵杆来避免某些刺激,或者通过拉动操纵杆来接近某些刺激 [39]。不同的研究者有不一样的实验任务设计。操作过程通常还伴随着一种视觉缩放效果,当将刺激物推开时,画面会收缩,当将刺激物拉向自己时,画面会放大。这种缩放效果会被认为操纵杆是操纵了刺激的虚拟位置,而不是被试的位置。当被试在拉动(推)目标刺激时的反应时(reaction times, RTs)快于拉动(推)目标刺激时的RTs,或当拉动(推)目标刺激时的RTs快于控制刺激时的反应速度时的RTs,分别可以推断出接近(回避)偏向 [40]。事实上,AAT主要测量了实际趋近–回避运动情况,以RTs作为测量指标的范式除了AAT以外,还有另外两种分别测量象征性趋近–回避反应的刺激–反应兼容性(the Stimulus-Response Compatibility, SRC)任务范式,以及测量趋近–回避关联的内隐联想(the Implicit Association Test, IAT)任务范式 [41],其中AAT范式还被证实可以用距离作为测量指标 [42] [43]。

虽然以操纵杆为基础的AAT任务相对成熟且有效来检测趋近–回避偏向,但是研究得到的结论并不完全一致。大多数研究结果都没有得到相对于控制刺激而言,对高热量食物的倾向,也没有发现这种偏向只在某一群体中存在。对此的解释:操纵杆的运动并没有模仿到自然生活中的趋近–回避行为,典型的食物摄入设置具有达到、抓取和保持运动的特点,包括在食物竞争中加速和有力的拉动,因此在实验室中的实验应该尽可能达到这一点,于是有研究者提出一种更有利于操作和量化的移动版本AAT,具体是指刺激呈现在智能手机屏幕上,被试进行以自己为参考点推开或拉近的动作 [42] [44]。考虑到目前国内主要是针对注意偏向的研究且常用范式主要是Stroop范式、点探测范式、线索–靶子范式,或许可以进一步引入趋近–回避偏向这一概念及AAT范式,与当前国外的相关领域研究方向和范式保持一致。

3. AAT范式的应用

基于已有文献背景,我们发现AAT范式主要在西方研究中被使用,而且在不同的被试群体均有涉及,如健康被试群体、神经性厌食症患者(AN)群体、暴食症(贪食症)群体等等。在不同的被试群体中,得到了一些稳定的结果,比如不受其他因素的影响,除AN群体外,其他被试均表现为对食物趋近的RTs显著快于回避的RTs;大多数研究都没有发现被试相较于控制刺激对高热量食物有更强的趋近偏向。但由于被试群体以及实验设计的不同,仍存在一些具有争议的结论。

3.1. 健康被试群体

有一项关于健康女大学生在饱腹(实验前2小时内吃过一顿饭)和饥饿(实验前15小时前吃过最后一顿饭)两种状态下的研究 [1],主要发现:1) 无论是食物刺激还是非食物刺激,趋近的RTs都比回避快,而且面对食物刺激时趋近与回避的RTs差异达到了十分显著的水平。该结果在该研究团队之前的研究中也发现了 [45]。2) 被试对食物的趋近偏向在饱腹和饥饿两种状态下并没有显著差异。该结果表明食物剥夺并不会导致被试对食物的趋近偏向显著变化,这与功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)和事件相关电位(ERP)得到的结果不一致,这可能是因为对我们的祖先来说,无论体内平衡的需求情况如何,他们总有在任何时间储存食物的习惯,为未来食物供应提供保障 [1]。3) 在高热量食物与低热量食物之间并没有发现在趋近-回避偏向上的显著差异。因为体内平衡需要会促使趋近偏向,那么饥饿状态会使个体趋近高热量食物,但研究并没有发现健康被试在饥饿状态下对高热量食物的趋近偏向更强 [20] [46]。4) 个体对食物的渴望程度对趋近–回避偏向有显著影响。因为个体更倾向于想要的食物而不是不想要的食物,无论是基于巴甫洛夫–工具的转移(pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, PIT)还是对食物的联想学习和趋近 [24],短暂的渴望可能就会激活趋近的记忆,并进一步促进趋近行为。此外,更美味的食物影响趋近的RTs但不影响回避的RTs,其与酗酒领域中的结果一致 [47],这可能表明对有食欲刺激的趋近行为主要由促进的趋近而不是受损的回避所驱动。

Meule等人在2019年 [40] 使用Lender等人 [45] 的AAT范式,他们将被试根据反应对象随机分成内容组(对图片是否为食物作反应)、边框组(对画框的颜色:蓝/绿作反应)以及符号组(对图片中心的符号:十字/圆作反应)三组,要求他们进行拉近或推远的操作。这是为了让任务更具有内隐性,让被试对与刺激效价无关的刺激属性作反应 [48],而且有研究者 [49] [50] 指出当图像规则与刺激特征相关时(所有刺激图片相同,例如要求被试对图像内容或图像边框反应)对趋近–回避偏向的测量比与刺激特征不相关时(所有刺激图片不同,例如被试对食物图片或风景图像反应)更可靠。在本研究中同样发现,被试拉近的RTs显著快于推远的RTs。此外,组别和刺激(是否为食物图片)的主效应显著且交互作用显著,具体指在内容组和符号组,被试对食物图片的反应更快;但在边框组,被试对图片是否为食物没有显著差异 [40]。该结果表明分组是有效的,边框组和符号组似乎可以忽视图片内容,挑选出反应刺激做出较好的任务表现。并且在被试对边框或符号进行反应时,他们缺少渴望诱导和对反应条件的趋近偏向。

本研究表明健康大学生对食物有总体的趋近偏向,这种偏向并不受食物热量影响,也不受饥饿状态影响。但是对某一食物的渴望程度和事物本身的可口性预测了他们对该食物可能有更大的趋近偏向,且饥饿状态会间接地影响趋近偏向。在本研究中发现食物渴望和趋近偏向之间有较强的相关,这提醒我们需要考虑被试的个体差异,即每个人对食物的偏好可能存在差异。为此,在未来的研究中可以通过一个预实验,为每位被试筛选出他们最喜欢的食物作为实验材料,再开展后续的实验流程。其次,考虑到饥饿状态对趋近偏向几乎没有影响,这说明趋近–回避偏向在本质上更像一种特质,而不是动机状态下的瞬时波动。未来可以进一步讨论特质食物渴望和状态食物渴望与趋近偏向的关系。

3.2. 饮食失调者

饮食失调不仅与注意偏向有关,还与对食物线索的自动行为倾向有关。人们一般能够更快地接近具有高激励的刺激 [51]。其中,神经性厌食症(anorexia nervosa, AN)患者的特点是食物摄入受到过度限制或过度减肥的行为,导致体重减轻。情感Simon任务证据表明AN患者不吃食物的能力是通过减少对食物的自动处理倾向来促进的。但是,另一项与食物不相关的任务(即被试须根据任务条件而不是图片内容作反应)发现,神经性厌食症患者可能表现出一种相对较强的忽视食物刺激内容的能力,而不是削弱对食物本身的处理能力 [20]。与之相对的另一个群体是暴食症(bulimia nervosa, BN)患者,他们对食物有强烈的欲望和无法控制的趋近倾向,通常是由周围食物暗示所引起的 [52],它的强度和特点区别于普通的饥饿状态 [53]。即使他们可以意识到暴饮暴食行为会带来负面后果,但当食物线索出现冲动系统工作时,他们自动就被吸引并激发自动趋近的倾向 [5]。事实上,暴食症患者既认为食物刺激是令人恐惧和厌恶的,但又有强烈的进食欲望 [54]。近年有研究者提出双过程模型中冲动系统的认知偏向(如趋近–回避偏向)有助于维持饮食紊乱 [55] [56]。

与健康被试组相比,AN患者对(高热量)食物表现出较弱的自动趋近倾向 [46] [57],特别是当所需的反应是接近食物刺激时,他们表现出较缓慢的自动趋近倾向,即使是饥饿状态下 [20],而当所需的反应是避免食物刺激时,他们表现出相对较快的回避倾向。这可能是因为在AN患者中,对食物的趋近偏向减弱甚至消失,从而让他们严格限制食物的摄入 [46] [58]。但是在BN患者中,对食物强烈的趋近偏向可能破坏自我控制系统,导致过量的食物摄入 [5]。在饮食失调研究中,除了食物刺激外,身体刺激也是激活这种认知偏向的关键刺激特征 [59]。

越来越多研究者关注对饮食失调者的干预研究,干预方法主要分为对外显偏向(认知行为疗法) [60] 和内隐偏向(认知偏向修正) [18] [55] 的两种干预方式。在学生样本中,趋近–回避训练可以改变与食物相关的趋近–回避偏差 [61],但在临床样本中证据较少。在一项用认知偏向修正干预的研究中,经过10次要求高特质食物渴望者对食物刺激做出回避动作后,研究者发现他们对食物的态度和注意偏向以及从基线到干预结束的特质和线索所引起的食物渴望都明显减少,并且转变成了回避偏向。有趣的是在改变对食物的趋近偏向同时,训练后也减少了被试对食物的注意偏向,由此有助于减少对食物的渴望 [5]。这证实了认知偏向修正在减少不同精神障碍中的认知偏向和精神病理学方面是有效的。该团队在针对BN患者进行认知偏向修正的干预研究中同样发现经干预后,特质食物渴望显著降低,且暴食行为或者饮食失调症状有所减弱,但食物摄入量和趋近偏向没有发生显著变化 [62]。部分研究者想要通过测量趋近–回避偏向来预测精神病理学的发展 [58] [63],但是并没有发现趋近–回避偏向和临床测量之间的关系。

4. 研究展望

综上所述,趋近–回避偏向是一种冲动和意识交互作用的认知偏向,表现为大多数人对食物的自动趋近偏向,根据进化论观点,这可能是从我们的祖先那里流传下来的一种天生的囤粮行为,以备不时之需。在面对食物时,总是会表现出兴趣,在实验中就表现为当面对食物图片时,个体的趋近RTs总是快于回避RTs。在我们日常生活中,盛饭会盛更多,点菜会点比实际能吃的多,这可能都是因为对食物的渴望以及对食物的自动趋近倾向明显,进而大脑在进行信息处理时可能判定你当下可以消耗掉大量食物,但实际上你的身体并不需要“大脑”以为的分量,即“眼大肚子小”。但我们也只是将趋近–回避偏向看作能够解释“眼大肚子小”这一现象的因素之一,未来无论是对“眼大肚子小”现象的研究还是趋近–回避偏向的相关研究都值得进一步探索。

传统AAT范式中使用操纵杆来完成趋近或回避动作,随着科技发展的影响,大量研究者使用触屏的方式完成这一动作,但其可靠性受到质疑 [1] [40]。因此,未来还需要进一步优化实验范式,使其具有生态效度的同时,也具有可靠性。其次,AAT任务是相对成熟且能够有效检测趋近–回避倾向的一种范式,但是部分研究结果还存在争议,尤其是在临床群体中,同时已有研究的内容及结果都相对分散,所以未来还需要大量研究提供更多有效可靠的实验证据来整合结果。然后,在上述提及的目前还未被证实的趋近–回避偏向与精神病理学之间的关系,以及特质和状态食物渴望与趋近–回避偏向的关系,都需要进一步研究。最后,我们知道内隐和外显加工之间的相互作用不平衡可能会导致反应冲突。如对酗酒者来说,由于酒精的毒性作用,外显控制功能(执行功能)受损,大脑的奖赏系统变得敏感,从而增强了内隐加工对行为的影响 [64],表现为他们对饮酒的趋近偏向,即使他们很清楚酒精的危害并打算回避它 [65]。因此,在未来的研究中,可以在健康被试群体或者临床被试完成AAT任务的同时完成任务态功能性磁共振扫描或脑电实验,从生理层面了解趋近–回避偏向在大脑中的反映,也可以为未来对临床患者的干预提供理论依据。

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