1. 引言
众所周知,富勒烯(Fullerenes)是由碳一种元素组成,是以球状、椭圆状或管状结构存在的物质。1985年,苏塞克斯大学的Harold Kroto与莱斯大学的James R. Heath,Sean O’Brien,Robert Curl和Richard Smalley合作,在氦气中蒸发碳时产生的烟灰残渣中发现了富勒烯。在产物的质谱中,与60个碳原子或70个碳原子的分子(即现在我们所知的C60或C70)对比时,出现了离散峰。研究小组把它们确定为我们现在所熟知的“巴克球” [1]。因为C60的结构与美国建筑师Buckminster Fuller所推广的测地穹顶结构相似,研究者最终给C60取名为“巴克敏斯特富勒烯(Buckminsterfullerene)”,以此来向Buckminster Fuller致敬 [2];选择“烯”结尾是因为C60中碳原子是不饱和的,只与另外三个碳原子相连,而不是正常地与四个碳原子相连。
C60是富勒烯的重要成员,也是其同分异构体中稳定性最强的,因此关于C60的研究很多。Klein等研究得到C60有12,500个Kekulé结构 [3],Vukičević根据C60的对称群Ih群将其所有Kekulé结构分成158等价类,还给出了这158类Kekulé结构的代表元的图示 [4]。后来Vukičević等在文献 [5] 中给出了每个类中Kekulé结构的数目,以及C60的共振6-圈、共振10-圈、共振14-圈和所有共振圈的数目等详细指标,并根据各Kekulé结构的自由度(df)把C60的所有Kekulé结构分成六大类,即df = 5,6,7,8,9,10,给出了每一类中Kekulé结构的个数,而且还表明即使具有相同自由度的Kekulé结构之间C-C单键和C-C双键的模式也存在较大的差异 [6]。Schmalz及其同事的研究表明,只有一半的Kekulé结构对C60分子的稳定性有贡献 [7] [8]。由此可见,并非所有的Kekulé结构都是平等的,这对于Kekulé结构较多的烃类是非常重要的。
关于C60的Hamilton圈的研究很早便有了一些结果。Barnette猜想所有最大面大小不超过6的3-正则多面体图都是Hamilton图(即存在Hamilton圈) [9],Goodey也陈述过这一点 [10],只是没有正式提出。Barnettee的这一猜想特别涵盖了富勒烯图,并且多达176个顶点的富勒烯图的Hamilton性已经被验证 [11]。František Kardoš证明了Barnette的猜想 [12],因而C60必有Hamilton圈。数学软件Mathematica的图数据库中记录了C60的Hamilton圈的数目为1090,而且给出了C60的其中一个Hamilton圈。本文利用Mathematica软件计算出了C60的所有Hamilton圈,并且研究了Hamilton圈与完美匹配的关系。
2. 符号和预备知识
2.1. 一般图上的准备工作
设G是一个图。G的Hamilton圈是指包含G的每个顶点的圈,以下我们简写为H-圈。G的完美匹配是指覆盖G的所有顶点的不相邻边的集合 [13]。图论中的完美匹配就是有机化学中的Kekulé结构。事实上,H-圈是两个特殊完美匹配的不交并。设A,B是两个集合,A和B的对称差定义为
;特别地,如果
,则
,即A和B的不交并。
本文中我们只考虑3-正则图中完美匹配与H-圈之间的联系,那么显然有
命题1设G是一个3-正则图,则删掉G的一个H-圈后的图是G的一个完美匹配;反之,删掉G的一个完美匹配后的图如果是连通的,那一定是G的一个H-圈。
关于完美匹配和H-圈的关系,通常我们可考虑以下两个问题。
问题1哪两个完美匹配作对称差能得到H-圈,且剩下的完美匹配是哪一个?
问题2哪三个完美匹配中的任意两个的不交并刚好是删掉第三个完美匹配后得到的H-圈?
由命题1对以上两个问题换一种等价的问法。
问题3删掉哪一个完美匹配后能得到一个H-圈(该H-圈是某两个完美匹配的不交并)?
问题4是否存在三个完美匹配,删掉其中任意一个得到的H-圈是另外两个的不交并?
我们起初的想法是让图G的所有完美匹配两两作对称差,这样每一对完美匹配都会得到一些圈分支(也可能是一个圈,即连通),如果是连通的圈分支,那肯定是H-圈,这刚好是问题1,2的答案;但是这
样做的话,由于要作
次对称差,计算次数会比较多,所以我们可以按照问题3,4来做,即从图
G中直接删掉其完美匹配中的边,如果剩下的子图连通,即为图G的H-圈。我们可以先在一个顶点较少的图上具体看一下这种方法。例如立方体图Q3,它的9个完美匹配及分别删除这9个完美匹配后的子图分别见图1和图2,其中粗边表示匹配边。
我们可以看到,删掉匹配边以后的图中只有G4,G5,G6,G7,G8,G9这6个是连通的,即Q3的H-圈的个数为6,这与Mathematica中的结果是相同的。这6个H-圈的每一个都是由两个完美匹配通过不交并唯一确定,详见表1。
![](//html.hanspub.org/file/7-1251091x14_hanspub.png)
Figure 1. All 9 perfect matchings of Q3
图1. Q3的所有9个完美匹配
![](//html.hanspub.org/file/7-1251091x15_hanspub.png)
Figure 2. The graphs of deleting each perfect matchings of Q3
图2. Q3分别删除各完美匹配的子图
![](Images/Table_Tmp.jpg)
Table 1. Representation by perfect matching of 6 H-cycles of Q3
表1. Q3的6个H-圈的完美匹配表示
由表1可知,Q3的完美匹配中只有问题1或问题3的答案,并不存在问题2或问题4的答案;但是由第三节内容可知,C60中确实存在问题2或问题4要找的那种完美匹配。
![](//html.hanspub.org/file/7-1251091x22_hanspub.png)
Figure 3. Buckminsterfullerene (C60) and the label of its vertexs and edges
图3. Buckminsterfullerene (C60)及其顶点和边的标号
2.2. C60上的准备工作
本文是在C60中就问题3和问题4做了回答,计算过程在Mathematica 11.0中进行。为此我们需要先对Mathematica的程序中用到的符号简单地说明一下。
C60是一个3-正则图。设它的顶点标号为{1, 2,
, 60},边标号为{1, 2,
, 90},它的画法如图3所示,这种标号的顺序是由曾令辉在其学士学位论文中给出的 [14]。我们把C60的所有点对形式的完美匹配存放在一个数组中,记作pms,每个完美匹配均是以字典序排序,且按下标或编号1, 2,
, 12500来表示各个完美匹配。例如,1号完美匹配为{{1,2},{3,4},{5,6},{7,8},{9,10},{11,12},{13,14},{15,16},{17,18},{19,20},{21,22},{23,24},{25,26},{27,28},{29,30},{31,32},{33,34},{35,36},{37,38},{39,40},{41,42},{43,44},{45,46},{47,48},{49,50},{51,52},{53,54},{55,56},{57,58},{59,60}}。程序中用到的C60的边集是以点对形式存放在数组edges中。下面是计算的程序代码。
Rest[Union[Table[vl = {};DepthFirstScan[Graph[Range[60],
UndirectedEdge @@@ Complement[edges, pms[[i]]]],1,
{PrevisitVertex -> (AppendTo[vl, #] &)}];
If[Length[vl] = = 60, {i,Flatten[{Position[pms,
Sort[Sort /@ Partition[vl,2]]], Position[pms,
Sort[Sort /@ Partition[RotateLeft[vl],2]]]}]},
{}],{i,12500}]]]
Length[%]
简单解释一下上面的程序。首先设vl是一个变量,从pms中取出一个完美匹配,它是点对的形式,算出这个完美匹配在edges中的补集,再转换成无向边形式,以这些边为边作一个顶点数为60的图,然后从顶点1开始,对这个图作“深度优先搜索”,先把顶点1放到vl中,搜索中找到一个顶点放到vl中,再找下一个,直至回到顶点1为止;然后判断vl的长度,若长度为60,即60个顶点均在vl中,那vl中的顶点就是一个Hamilton圈的所有顶点,再把v1中的顶点两个一组进行划分,这样会得到一个完美匹配;然后把vl向左轮换一个位置,即第一个位置上顶点放到倒数第一个位置上,第二个位置上的顶点放到第一个位置上,第三个位置上的顶点放到第二个位置上,……,依此类推;轮换以后再两个一组进行划分(轮换和划分操作相当于把H-圈转了一下),划分完以后就得到了另一个完美匹配;把后面得到的两个完美匹配进行排序,小的在前,大的在后,最后找到这两个完美匹配在12500中的编号,把vl长度为60时对应的那个完美匹配和后面得到的两个完美匹配以{*,{*,*}}的形式输出;如果vl长度不是60,那么输出一对空的{};最后对输出结果取并集,去掉空括号就得到了附录中的结果。结果中那种三个一组的完美匹配共有1090组(这与Mathematica图数据库中的结果一致),由于考虑篇幅问题,我们把这些结果放在了附录中。
3. 结果分析
3.1. H-圈与完美匹配
现在,我们就C60的计算结果对问题3作出回答。现在,我们来分析一下2.2节中程序输出结果中的1090组完美匹配,以第一组{1,{4573,10565}}为例。“1,4573,10565”都是完美匹配的编号,这三个完美匹配意思是,直接把1号完美匹配删掉后得到H-圈,这个H-圈就是由4573号和10565号这两个完美匹配的不交并得到。写成{*,{*,*}}这种形式是为了把完美匹配与H-圈一一对应起来,第一个数字是完美匹配,后面两个是用完美匹配来表示的H-圈。这样的话问题3的答案就有了,即每一组的第一个完美匹配就是问题3要找的完美匹配。
我们统计一下这1090组数据共有多少个完美匹配。我们把每一组的第一个完美匹配与第二、三个分开,构成两大类,第一类是每组的第一个完美匹配,共1090个,第二类是由每组剩下的两个完美匹配构成;可以发现第二类内部有重复元素,互不相同的有1350个,当然这里面也包含第一类里面的完美匹配;把这两大类进行对比,重复的有490个,那么第二类中互不相同的,且与第一类不重复的就有860个。所以那1090组数据共涉及到1950个互不相同的完美匹配。事实上,第一类就是删掉之后会产生H-圈的完美匹配,第二类是可以通过不交并构成H-圈的完美匹配。然而我们只清楚第一类完美匹配的情况,对于第二类完美匹配的情况,以及这两类完美匹配之间的关系我们还不知道,所以需要进一步探索。
3.2. 与H-圈相关的完美匹配之间的关系
H-圈是一个比较特殊的图论概念,所以我们就想知道与H-圈有关的完美匹配是否也与其它完美匹配有所不同,或者说它们之间有没有什么特殊的关系。为此,我们以程序计算结果中涉及到的1950个完美匹配为顶点构造图,以此来探索一下它们之间的联系。由于这其中有1090个完美匹配,每个删掉之后都会产生H-圈,即两个完美匹配的不交并,所以以那1090个完美匹配为出度点,以与之对应的H-圈中的两个完美匹配为入度点构造有向图。由于删除之后产生H-圈的完美匹配(1090个)与构成H-圈的完美匹配(1350个)有重复(490个),这些重复的完美匹配在这个有向图中既有出度又有入度,所以这个有向图中只有出度的完美匹配有600个,只有入度的完美匹配有860个。我们利用Mathematica画出了这个有1950个有向图,发现它有290个连通分支。为给出它的连通分支,我们需要做些准备工作。
我们先把那些删掉之后能得到H-圈的完美匹配挑出来,并把它们按照C60的完美匹配的158个等价类进行分类,分类结果见附录2。分类之后共有16个等价类,选取这16类的每一类中的编号最小的完美匹配作为代表元,代表元的编号和它所在类中完美匹配的个数见图4。
![](//html.hanspub.org/file/7-1251091x26_hanspub.png)
Figure 4. 16 representative perfect matchings and the sizes of their classes
图4. 16个代表完美匹配及所在分类的大小
我们在此给出这16个完美匹配的边集形式如下。
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 55, 57, 61, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 77, 80, 83, 85, 88, 90},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 52, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 73, 78, 79, 81, 84, 87, 88},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 52, 53, 56, 60, 61, 64, 65, 68, 71, 73, 78, 79, 82, 85, 88},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 43, 46, 47, 50, 53, 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 69, 73, 76, 79, 82, 84, 86, 89},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30, 33, 36, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 51, 55, 57, 61, 64, 65, 70, 71, 74, 76, 79, 81, 85, 90},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30, 34, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 54, 55, 58, 59, 64, 65, 68, 71, 73, 76, 81, 85, 88, 90},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 31, 32, 35, 38, 42, 43, 45, 49, 51, 55, 57, 62, 65, 68, 72, 75, 77, 80, 83, 85, 88, 90},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 24, 25, 28, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 52, 54, 55, 58, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 73, 78, 82, 83, 85, 88},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 21, 22, 25, 28, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 48, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79, 81, 84, 86, 90},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 21, 22, 25, 28, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 48, 50, 53, 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 69, 72, 76, 79, 82, 84, 86, 89},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 21, 22, 25, 28, 32, 35, 38, 42, 43, 45, 50, 53, 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 70, 72, 75, 77, 80, 84, 87, 89},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 21, 22, 25, 28, 32, 35, 38, 42, 43, 45, 50, 54, 55, 57, 61, 63, 67, 68, 72, 75, 78, 80, 83, 87, 88},
{1, 6, 10, 13, 17, 21, 22, 25, 29, 30, 33, 36, 39, 43, 45, 50, 53, 58, 60, 61, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 77, 82, 84, 86, 89},
{1, 6, 10, 14, 15, 18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 35, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 55, 57, 61, 64, 65, 68, 71, 73, 76, 79, 81, 85, 88, 90},
{1, 6, 10, 14, 15, 18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 35, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 77, 82, 84, 86, 89},
{1, 6, 10, 14, 15, 18, 22, 25, 29, 30, 34, 35, 39, 43, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 58, 59, 63, 66, 69, 74, 77, 81, 84, 86, 90}.
我们把含表2中的16个代表元的那些连通分支给出来,见图5;它们是按照16个代表元编号的大小顺序排列的。
由图5可以看到,三个完美匹配中任意删掉一个都会得到另外两个的不交并的,这种完美匹配只有30组,如图5中的(k)和(n),这30组分别是
{9869, 4176, 2204}, {4236, 10780, 994}, {6851, 7256, 691}, {5806, 7304, 2974}, {7097, 3210, 5585},
{8696, 1666, 5814}, {4645, 10337, 510}, {10213, 4431, 1260}, {10432, 487, 4633}, {6948, 7149, 477},
{9149, 5552, 1261}, {9058, 1452, 5581}, {10086, 1445, 4555}, {6904, 7350, 513}, {5474, 7733, 3167},
{11107, 4187, 586}, {5436, 7781, 3110}, {5791, 8711, 1678}, {4725, 9621, 1411}, {9563, 4225, 2294},
{7145, 5828, 3020}, {7090, 902, 6829}, {4317, 10510, 697}, {10263, 1226, 4318}, {6748, 7797, 655},
{5674, 9085, 1232}, {7290, 3087, 5558}, {4422, 10492, 823}, {8601, 1426, 5933}, {6689, 7751, 914}.
这些30组特殊的完美匹配,每一组中的任意两个完美匹配作对称差得到的H-圈都相当于删掉剩下的那个完美匹配得到的H-圈;反之,删掉任意一个剩下的子图就是另外两个的不交并构成的H-圈,这就是对问题4的回答.我们把同一组的三个完美匹配画到同一个图中,以第一组为例,见图6。
以上是按照完美匹配同构类进行分类的,也可以按照图同构更加细致的分类,这样分类以后就只剩下(a),(b),(c),(d),(h),(i)了。我们对这6个连通分支中出度的点进行分析,其它10个与这些是图同构的。在分支(a)中,有4个完美匹配,删掉任意两个剩下的都是4573号完美匹配,而且这4个完美匹配来自不同的匹配等价类,分别是1,286,490,511所代表的等价类,这4个等价类中均有60个完美匹配,一个等价类取出两个,就会有60个与(a)同构的分支;与(a)同构(图同构)的分支有(j)和(p),在(j)中同样有4个完美匹配,删掉任意两个剩下的都是6420号完美匹配,1197和8102属于同一等价类,7795和478属于另一等价类;(p)中有同样的情况,而且711,4206与1197,8102属于同一等价类,692,4188与7795和478属于同一等价类,这两个等价类中均有20个完美匹配,一个类中取两个,构成10个这样的分支;这样一来,与(a)同构的分支就有70个。用类似的方法分析(b),(c),(d),(h),(i)就得到表2。
我们再给860个在关系图只有入度的完美匹配按158个等价类进行分类,共有11类,结果见附录3。关系图中含这些代表元的连通分支参见图5。类似地,我们从这11类中每一类选一个元素作为代表元,除8086号完美匹配外的其他代表元在图5中均可找到,8086号完美匹配所在分支与图5中的(d)同构,代表元的具体入度数见表3。由此我们有
命题2 C60的每个完美匹配至多包含在4个H-圈中。
![](//html.hanspub.org/file/7-1251091x36_hanspub.png)
Figure 6. Three special perfect matchings
图6. 三个特殊的完美匹配匹配
![](Images/Table_Tmp.jpg)
Table 2. The result of components under graph isomorphism
表2. 连通分支按图同构分类的结果
![](Images/Table_Tmp.jpg)
Table 3. The sizes of isomorphism classes of perfect matchings with only indegree
表3. 仅有入度的完美匹配同构类的大小
基金项目
由国家自然科学基金支持,基金号:11401475。
附录12.2中程序的计算结果
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{5869, {2820, 7085}}, {5872, {1601, 8602}}, {5880, {2455, 7112}}, {5881, {2480, 7110}}, {5889, {1393, 8719}}, {5893, {1238, 8741}}, {5901, {1482, 8245}}, {5906, {1303, 8690}}, {5911, {1303, 8682}}, {5914, {1299, 8690}}, {5915, {1379, 8638}}, {5921, {1437, 8631}}, {5923, {1440, 8630}}, {5927, {1263, 8700}}, {5933, {1426, 8601}}, {5944, {1463, 8319}}, {5948, {1457, 8319}}, {5953, {572, 8155}}, {5961, {1225, 7869}}, {5974, {1185, 7982}}, {5984, {457, 8221}}, {6011, {374, 8224}}, {6023, {473, 8205}}, {6123, {1221, 7871}}, {6149, {1142, 7987}}, {6198, {1217, 7872}}, {6226, {483, 8163}}, {6309, {542, 8151}}, {6325, {1211, 7796}}, {6407, {74, 8219}}, {6417, {495, 8101}}, {6444, {1192, 7780}}, {6456, {34, 8202}}, {6458, {84, 8200}}, {6485, {475, 8060}}, {6553, {386, 8087}}, {6555, {1171, 7660}}, {6565, {1184, 7592}}, {6590, {1170, 7454}}, {6591, {1168, 7521}}, {6627, {1105, 7638}}, {6641, {101, 8076}}, {6642, {24, 8086}}, {6665, {1068, 7527}}, {6667, {1091, 7444}}, {6689, {914, 7751}}, {6699, {801, 7875}}, {6716, {762, 7871}}, {6719, {801, 7866}}, {6726, {762, 7854}}, {6731, {859, 7712}}, {6734, {710, 7832}}, {6742, {850, 7658}}, {6748, {655, 7797}}, {6750, {600, 7796}}, {6756, {845, 7442}}, {6760, {842, 7424}}, {6773, {736, 7332}}, {6779, {734, 7330}}, {6796, {822, 7291}}, {6798, {830, 7289}}, {6805, {651, 7332}}, {6813, {649, 7330}}, {6821, {588, 7335}}, {6827, {657, 7312}}, {6829, {902, 7090}}, {6834, {736, 7207}}, {6842, {734, 7205}}, {6851, {691, 7256}}, {6855, {723, 7162}}, {6859, {732, 7135}}, {6863, {627, 7218}}, {6871, {643, 7199}}, {6875, {842, 7011}}, {6877, {835, 7001}}, {6879, {592, 7204}}, {6881, {587, 7193}}, {6898, {641, 7142}}, {6900, {626, 7132}}, {6904, {513, 7350}}, {6926, {469, 7365}}, {6928, {389, 7363}}, {6940, {313, 7402}}, {6945, {285, 7365}}, {6948, {477, 7149}}, {6954, {483, 7129}}, {6958, {473, 7042}}, {6964, {385, 7023}}, {6968, {294, 7042}}, {6974, {29, 7015}}, {6977, {4, 7001}}, {7005, {856, 6864}}, {7008, {854, 6865}}, {7011, {842, 6875}}, {7016, {849, 6866}}, {7020, {3231, 5510}}, {7025, {299, 6969}}, {7033, {3190, 5754}}, {7041, {474, 6959}}, {7046, {3199, 5753}}, {7061, {888, 6845}}, {7068, {885, 6839}}, {7070, {3182, 5744}}, {7073, {3222, 5543}}, {7085, {2820, 5869}}, {7090, {902, 6829}}, {7091, {380, 6960}}, {7097, {3210, 5585}}, {7105, {896, 6809}}, {7110, {2480, 5881}}, {7113, {344, 6960}}, {7126, {3092, 5707}}, {7127, {3158, 5636}}, {7132, {626, 6900}}, {7135, {732, 6859}}, {7142, {641, 6898}}, {7145, {3020, 5828}}, {7149, {477, 6948}}, {7158, {3132, 5641}}, {7159, {3131, 5641}}, {7164, {3124, 5639}}, {7165, {3131, 5635}}, {7179, {3139, 5595}}, {7216, {625, 6869}}, {7219, {627, 6861}}, {7220, {617, 6869}}, {7222, {617, 6864}}, {7228, {3114, 5587}}, {7229, {3104, 5608}}, {7235, {3098, 5608}}, {7239, {3040, 5690}}, {7243, {3098, 5598}}, {7245, {3002, 5823}}, {7246, {3001, 5827}}, {7256, {691, 6851}}, {7260, {702, 6839}}, {7263, {3050, 5672}}, {7275, {781, 6817}}, {7276, {782, 6809}}, {7280, {3105, 5523}}, {7283, {3106, 5521}}, {7290, {3087, 5558}}, {7291, {822, 6796}}, {7295, {3072, 5549}}, {7304, {2974, 5806}}, {7312, {657, 6827}}, {7315, {483, 6927}}, {7316, {479, 6929}}, {7321, {653, 6814}}, {7327, {653, 6808}}, {7329, {649, 6814}}, {7334, {733, 6775}}, {7350, {513, 6904}}, {7351, {34, 6950}}, {7359, {32, 6950}}, {7363, {389, 6928}}, {7369, {474, 6918}}, {7370, {473, 6918}}, {7383, {2898, 5799}}, {7384, {2898, 5790}}, {7395, {2512, 5852}}, {7406, {2820, 5826}}, {7407, {378, 6920}}, {7416, {2512, 5840}}, {7420, {2453, 5835}}, {7424, {842, 6760}}, {7430, {3239, 5412}}, {7435, {850, 6755}}, {7436, {3235, 5420}}, {7445, {860, 6754}}, {7453, {3460, 5284}}, {7503, {1169, 6592}}, {7514, {3381, 5391}}, {7591, {3214, 5478}}, {7618, {1184, 6564}}, {7634, {3222, 5431}}, {7655, {876, 6730}}, {7656, {1186, 6484}}, {7731, {3382, 5320}}, {7732, {1134, 6578}}, {7733, {3167, 5474}}, {7734, {3382, 5316}}, {7743, {1130, 6578}}, {7751, {914, 6689}}, {7755, {906, 6715}}, {7766, {3295, 5337}}, {7775, {3190, 5454}}, {7778, {3482, 5106}}, {7781, {3110, 5436}}, {7788, {3105, 5440}}, {7795, {1197, 6420}}, {7797, {655, 6748}}, {7801, {3483, 5097}}, {7803, {710, 6741}}, {7813, {3072, 5461}}, {7820, {3488, 5080}}, {7827, {718, 6730}}, {7838, {3078, 5457}}, {7844, {3137, 5412}}, {7848, {3129, 5421}}, {7855, {765, 6724}}, {7862, {3133, 5409}}, {7864, {3132, 5407}}, {7867, {3482, 5012}}, {7882, {1209, 6122}}, {7885, {685, 6715}}, {7890, {709, 6696}}, {7907, {3381, 5192}}, {7917, {3474, 4897}}, {7953, {3476, 4745}}, {7957, {1186, 6057}}, {7959, {1105, 6327}}, {7986, {1146, 6122}}, {7989, {3295, 5099}}, {7991, {1143, 6051}}, {8028, {468, 6564}}, {8053, {23, 6684}}, {8055, {30, 6680}}, {8057, {2557, 5394}}, {8061, {473, 6484}}, {8091, {2480, 5340}}, {8092, {2551, 5337}}, {8093, {2701, 5326}}, {8102, {478, 6420}}, {8105, {2976, 5103}}, {8118, {2979, 5099}}, {8122, {2979, 5097}}, {8135, {516, 6397}}, {8139, {511, 6397}}, {8143, {3017, 4809}}, {8146, {3017, 4807}}, {8150, {3003, 4960}}, {8155, {572, 5953}}, {8161, {540, 6024}}, {8164, {535, 6024}}, {8230, {2261, 5495}}, {8231, {2278, 5430}}, {8244, {2281, 5426}}, {8254, {1612, 5886}}, {8257, {1656, 5857}}, {8309, {2432, 5285}}, {8318, {2364, 5396}}, {8326, {2380, 5392}}, {8475, {1440, 5950}}, {8502, {2273, 5427}}, {8593, {2239, 5478}}, {8601, {1426, 5933}}, {8612, {2361, 5301}}, {8632, {2320, 5325}}, {8636, {1567, 5868}}, {8637, {1375, 5918}}, {8640, {1380, 5913}}, {8647, {2195, 5443}}, {8648, {2197, 5434}}, {8681, {1299, 5918}}, {8689, {1301, 5913}}, {8696, {1666, 5814}}, {8700, {1263, 5927}}, {8704, {1258, 5928}}, {8711, {1678, 5791}}, {8722, {2217, 5422}}, {8737, {2217, 5407}}, {8739, {2168, 5426}}, {8747, {2168, 5409}}, {8776, {2365, 5198}}, {8847, {2433, 4745}}, {8856, {2332, 5193}}, {8857, {2412, 4974}}, {8882, {2413, 4759}}, {8883, {2411, 4826}}, {8886, {2364, 5056}}, {8893, {2333, 5079}}, {8932, {1484, 5550}}, {8980, {1443, 5753}}, {8995, {1477, 5545}}, {9016, {1774, 5391}}, {9031, {1781, 5377}}, {9041, {1704, 5379}}, {9049, {1906, 5301}}, {9057, {1440, 5652}}, {9058, {1452, 5581}}, {9062, {1380, 5598}}, {9068, {1375, 5599}}, {9073, {1374, 5603}}, {9081, {1365, 5610}}, {9085, {1232, 5674}}, {9091, {1273, 5664}}, {9092, {1348, 5593}}, {9101, {1342, 5589}}, {9109, {1334, 5595}}, {9112, {1276, 5649}}, {9116, {2106, 5070}}, {9120, {1259, 5636}}, {9124, {2093, 5084}}, {9138, {1388, 5525}}, {9140, {2137, 4960}}, {9148, {1325, 5550}}, {9149, {1261, 5552}}, {9152, {2101, 4975}}, {9158, {2109, 4807}}, {9161, {2106, 4727}}, {9208, {2044, 5007}}, {9220, {2081, 4832}}, {9230, {2082, 4809}}, {9247, {1764, 5183}}, {9248, {1714, 5182}}, {9267, {1904, 5056}}, {9272, {1741, 5090}}, {9275, {1682, 5084}}, {9281, {1680, 4638}}, {9282, {1658, 4641}}, {9294, {2281, 4287}}, {9297, {2273, 4298}}, {9307, {1656, 4650}}, {9357, {2439, 4024}}, {9376, {2411, 4158}}, {9382, {2431, 4111}}, {9525, {2438, 4015}}, {9563, {2294, 4225}}, {9574, {1622, 4647}}, {9599, {1495, 4683}}, {9605, {1496, 4680}}, {9609, {1665, 4625}}, {9610, {1662, 4626}}, {9621, {1411, 4725}}, {9630, {2436, 3957}}, {9647, {2439, 3914}}, {9659, {1612, 4651}}, {9742, {2389, 4053}}, {9743, {2332, 4131}}, {9749, {1572, 4650}}, {9765, {1245, 4698}}, {9834, {2433, 3533}}, {9841, {1622, 4587}}, {9844, {1300, 4683}}, {9852, {1299, 4680}}, {9857, {1267, 4689}}, {9865, {1268, 4688}}, {9869, {2204, 4176}}, {9874, {2173, 4197}}, {9876, {2320, 3906}}, {9887, {2331, 3886}}, {9907, {1538, 4590}}, {9942, {2380, 3601}}, {9943, {2390, 3524}}, {9945, {1572, 4585}}, {9980, {1531, 4427}}, {10045, {2138, 3998}}, {10055, {1477, 4508}}, {10058, {2043, 4083}}, {10060, {1496, 4413}}, {10063, {1495, 4412}}, {10075, {1503, 4396}}, {10079, {1518, 4356}}, {10086, {1445, 4555}}, {10093, {2102, 3957}}, {10094, {2115, 3914}}, {10122, {1763, 4159}}, {10136, {1787, 4144}}, {10138, {1704, 4145}}, {10139, {1916, 4051}}, {10177, {1240, 4441}}, {10179, {1388, 4421}}, {10191, {2081, 3607}}, {10201, {2082, 3584}}, {10211, {1323, 4427}}, {10213, {1260, 4431}}, {10219, {1287, 4401}}, {10220, {1344, 4348}}, {10232, {1342, 4345}}, {10235, {1282, 4399}}, {10239, {1276, 4395}}, {10243, {1265, 4391}}, {10246, {1896, 3888}}, {10252, {1908, 3874}}, {10260, {1245, 4339}}, {10263, {1226, 4318}}, {10265, {1879, 3878}}, {10269, {1689, 3888}}, {10296, {1781, 3850}}, {10299, {1714, 3849}}, {10322, {1911, 3593}}, {10325, {1908, 3509}}, {10337, {510, 4645}}, {10349, {916, 4526}}, {10365, {951, 4476}}, {10370, {948, 4472}}, {10389, {894, 4554}}, {10391, {895, 4553}}, {10407, {919, 4494}}, {10414, {856, 4526}}, {10417, {951, 4412}}, {10424, {948, 4410}}, {10432, {487, 4633}}, {10439, {958, 4321}}, {10442, {957, 4322}}, {10449, {854, 4494}}, {10461, {771, 4441}}, {10463, {389, 4591}}, {10469, {650, 4476}}, {10475, {649, 4472}}, {10483, {605, 4471}}, {10489, {636, 4454}}, {10492, {823, 4422}}, {10498, {384, 4581}}, {10508, {693, 4340}}, {10510, {697, 4317}}, {10517, {637, 4406}}, {10521, {669, 4386}}, {10526, {634, 4399}}, {10530, {286, 4573}}, {10532, {602, 4391}}, {10536, {276, 4565}}, {10545, {641, 4327}}, {10547, {626, 4319}}, {10562, {32, 4576}}, {10565, {1, 4573}}, {10572, {907, 4305}}, {10576, {910, 4303}}, {10587, {919, 4298}}, {10599, {1170, 4157}}, {10647, {1217, 4024}}, {10672, {1183, 4144}}, {10738, {1221, 4015}}, {10764, {1142, 4160}}, {10780, {994, 4236}}, {10792, {1115, 4164}}, {10803, {920, 4287}}, {10865, {968, 4193}}, {10929, {1104, 4083}}, {10933, {1192, 3945}}, {10976, {860, 4260}}, {10991, {693, 4258}}, {11040, {1115, 3897}}, {11053, {1184, 3698}}, {11081, {689, 4197}}, {11102, {710, 4185}}, {11106, {599, 4193}}, {11107, {586, 4187}}, {11134, {1068, 3607}}, {11136, {1091, 3524}}, {11170, {374, 4162}}, {11205, {325, 4160}}, {11228, {467, 4053}}, {11230, {386, 4120}}, {11253, {23, 4159}}, {11254, {298, 4052}}, {11270, {107, 4111}}, {11271, {84, 4121}}, {11306, {348, 3907}}, {11311, {325, 3882}}, {11325, {458, 3584}}, {11326, {457, 3534}}, {11346, {101, 3850}}, {11349, {34, 3849}}, {11354, {290, 3573}}, {11358, {276, 3501}}}
附录2问题3中的1090个完美匹配的编号(分类后的结果)
{{1, 4, 341, 380, 782, 819, 983, 987, 1130, 1146, 1585, 1606, 1643, 1650, 1682, 1689, 2190, 2235, 2286, 2296, 3152, 3158, 3501, 3509, 3929, 3983, 4026, 4035, 4522, 4542, 4713, 4720, 4727, 4735, 5063, 5106, 5316, 5340, 5523, 5733, 5893, 5944, 6879, 6900, 7068, 7073, 7383, 7395, 7424, 7430, 7813, 7885, 8135, 8164, 9109, 9112, 10232, 10235, 10532, 10545}, {16, 48, 301, 327, 349, 548, 566, 741, 742, 749, 760, 942, 943, 1136, 1367, 1370, 1513, 1517, 1539, 1559, 1574, 1617, 1729, 1849, 2153, 2163, 2249, 2264, 2698, 2727, 2809, 2818, 2917, 3007, 3021, 3202, 3216, 3345, 3526, 3645, 3917, 3941, 4003, 4009, 4277, 4296, 4456, 4457, 4488, 4498, 4671, 4672, 4740, 4868, 5008, 5025, 5051, 5288, 5496, 5509, 5709, 5712, 5768, 5844, 5921, 5923, 6226, 6309, 6325, 6417, 6444, 6627, 6734, 6750, 6940, 6954, 7033, 7046, 7245, 7246, 7315, 7316, 7445, 7591, 7655, 7775, 7803, 7827, 7959, 8093, 8475, 8593, 8636, 8932, 8980, 8995, 9057, 9138, 9148, 9208, 9765, 9874, 9907, 9980, 10045, 10055, 10177, 10179, 10211, 10260, 10461, 10508, 10865, 10933, 10976, 10991, 11081, 11102, 11106, 11306}, {20, 94, 260, 283, 331, 568, 645, 670, 724, 766, 847, 935, 1053, 1138, 1288, 1349, 1363, 1505, 1573, 1616, 1754, 1852, 1915, 1966, 2025, 2098, 2164, 2265, 2825, 2982, 3070, 3096, 3188, 3236, 3297, 3444, 3458, 3496, 3530, 3562, 3734, 3788, 3895, 3918, 4010, 4294, 4349, 4404, 4468, 4495, 4578, 4663, 4748, 4923, 5050, 5074, 5169, 5263, 5287, 5416, 5511, 5606, 5665, 5700, 5845, 5911, 6198, 6485, 6591, 6641, 6699, 6756, 6805, 6842, 6926, 6974, 7008, 7041, 7165, 7216, 7229, 7327, 7453, 7503, 7801, 7862, 7917, 7957, 8055, 8092, 8502, 8612, 8689, 8722, 8776, 8882, 9068, 9158, 9248, 9272, 9525, 9574, 9630, 9659, 9844, 9943, 10060, 10138, 10265, 10322, 10349, 10424, 10469, 10562, 10792, 10803, 11170, 11271, 11325, 11354}, {25, 26, 291, 295, 308, 370, 644, 671, 735, 757, 844, 855, 952, 1214, 1289, 1346, 1376, 1498, 1556, 1608, 1823, 1825, 1905, 1913, 2107, 2114, 2159, 2270, 2474, 2534, 3125, 3127, 3226, 3430, 3432, 3446, 3459, 3492, 3548, 3549, 3879, 3883, 3933, 4019, 4283, 4350, 4407, 4477, 4482, 4575, 4586, 4681, 4894, 4896, 5033, 5088, 5091, 5194, 5410, 5419, 5499, 5605, 5662, 5691, 5854, 5915, 5974, 5984, 6553, 6555, 6590, 6642, 6742, 6863, 6871, 6964, 7016, 7020, 7025, 7164, 7219, 7239, 7334, 7435, 7436, 7820, 7848, 7855, 7991, 8057, 8309, 8326, 8856, 8857, 8883, 8893, 9091, 9092, 9152, 9247, 9376, 9382, 9742, 9743, 9887, 9942, 10136, 10139, 10219, 10220, 10498, 10517, 10521, 10599, 10672, 11228, 11230, 11254, 11270, 11326}, {62, 83, 280, 373, 631, 677, 737, 797, 852, 863, 949, 1093, 1111, 1216, 1280, 1352, 1377, 1497, 1614, 1624, 1703, 1710, 1901, 2049, 2113, 2145, 2218, 2274, 2479, 2511, 2908, 2958, 3067, 3103, 3220, 3383, 3406, 3481, 3520, 3672, 3892, 3898, 3958, 4016, 4288, 4359, 4394, 4473, 4527, 4583, 4594, 4684, 4758, 4799, 5086, 5200, 5303, 5331, 5405, 5482, 5615, 5646, 5692, 5719, 5858, 5914, 6023, 6123, 6407, 6456, 6565, 6667, 6716, 6813, 6834, 6958, 7005, 7158, 7222, 7243, 7329, 7351, 7370, 7514, 7618, 7864, 7989, 8061, 8118, 8143, 8244, 8318, 8681, 8739, 8847, 8886, 9016, 9031, 9062, 9230, 9307, 9357, 9647, 9749, 9834, 9852, 10063, 10122, 10191, 10296, 10407, 10417, 10475, 10587, 10764, 11053, 11134, 11205, 11253, 11349}, {234, 249, 354, 551, 632, 676, 727, 798, 867, 932, 1028, 1055, 1101, 1109, 1279, 1354, 1357, 1511, 1554, 1626, 1920, 1930, 1982, 2040, 2053, 2140, 2214, 2252, 2523, 2543, 2956, 3000, 3034, 3039, 3207, 3230, 3396, 3486, 3749, 3760, 3778, 3824, 3909, 3966, 3993, 4281, 4358, 4392, 4463, 4528, 4598, 4668, 5023, 5111, 5154, 5217, 5227, 5295, 5323, 5485, 5616, 5648, 5705, 5718, 5771, 5906, 6011, 6149, 6458, 6665, 6719, 6726, 6773, 6779, 6945, 6968, 7159, 7220, 7235, 7321, 7359, 7369, 7656, 7766, 7907, 7953, 8028, 8053, 8122, 8146, 8254, 8257, 8637, 8640, 8737, 8747, 9041, 9049, 9220, 9267, 9294, 9297, 9599, 9605, 9841, 9945, 10093, 10094, 10201, 10299, 10365, 10370, 10414, 10449, 10647, 10738, 11040, 11136, 11311, 11346}, {286, 344, 497, 544, 702, 818, 835, 966, 1134, 1209, 1244, 1444, 1482, 1529, 1544, 1639, 1896, 2093, 2225,
2236, 3139, 3150, 3874, 3973, 3984, 4186, 4256, 4261, 4436, 4541, 4565, 4697, 5012, 5070, 5320, 5402, 5549, 5734, 5757, 5833, 5881, 5948, 6881, 6898, 7011, 7105, 7384, 7416, 7634, 7755, 7788, 7844, 8139, 8161, 9101, 9120, 10239, 10243, 10526, 10547}, {322, 378, 781, 981, 1582, 1601, 2189, 2285, 2453, 2455, 3050, 3051, 3082, 3092, 3114, 3118, 3954, 4032, 4519, 4711, 5044, 5103, 5521, 5889, 5953, 5961, 6796, 6798, 6821, 6827, 6855, 6859, 7061, 7070, 7838, 7890, 8230, 8231, 8647, 8648, 8700, 8704, 9073, 9081, 9281, 9282, 9609, 9610, 9857, 9865, 10075, 10079, 10389, 10391, 10439, 10442, 10483, 10489, 10572, 10576}, {477, 697, 1226, 1452, 2974, 3087, 3110, 3167, 4187, 4431, 5552, 5828, 6689, 6829, 6851, 6904, 7097, 7797, 8601, 8696, 8711, 9085, 9563, 9621, 9869, 10086, 10337, 10432, 10492, 10780}, {478, 692, 1231, 1451, 3003, 3191, 4188, 4425, 5557, 5826, 6731, 6928, 7085, 7795, 8632, 9140, 9876, 10058, 10463, 10929}, {487, 510, 513, 691, 1232, 1411, 1426, 1445, 3020, 3210, 4176, 4225, 4236, 4422, 5558, 5791, 5806, 5814, 6748, 6948, 7090, 7733, 7751, 7781, 9058, 9149, 10213, 10263, 10510, 11107}, {490, 509, 516, 535, 592, 602, 685, 881, 885, 1208, 1238, 1282, 1334, 1412, 1419, 1433, 1463, 1467, 2126, 2133, 3239, 3500, 4179, 4219, 4221, 4245, 4249, 4327, 4345, 4416, 4612, 4616, 5455, 5461, 5543, 5573, 5649, 5792, 5799, 5813, 5852, 5864, 6760, 6977, 7091, 7127, 7132, 7276, 7280, 7734, 7743, 7778, 7986, 8091, 9161, 9275, 10269, 10325, 10565, 11358}, {511, 512, 540, 573, 587, 634, 827, 896, 906, 965, 1259, 1265, 1410, 1429, 1457, 1490, 1659, 1664, 2198, 2260, 3137, 3157, 4228, 4232, 4253, 4301, 4319, 4395, 4562, 4627, 4637, 4696, 5431, 5440, 5578, 5589, 5676, 5790, 5809, 5834, 5840, 5901, 6875, 6877, 7110, 7113, 7142, 7179, 7260, 7295, 7731, 7732, 7867, 7882, 9116, 9124, 10246, 10252, 10530, 10536}, {586, 655, 823, 902, 914, 994, 1260, 1261, 1666, 1678, 2204, 2294, 4317, 4318, 4555, 4633, 4645, 4725, 5436, 5474, 5581, 5585, 5674, 5933, 7145, 7149, 7256, 7290, 7304, 7350}, {588, 605, 709, 723, 830, 880, 888, 895, 910, 958, 1201, 1225, 1258, 1268, 1374, 1393, 1473, 1503, 1665, 1680, 2124, 2125, 2197, 2278, 4202, 4305, 4322, 4356, 4440, 4454, 4554, 4611, 4619, 4626, 4641, 4689, 5443, 5456, 5457, 5495, 5574, 5610, 5675, 5688, 5744, 5872, 5880, 5927, 7126, 7135, 7228, 7263, 7275, 7283, 7291, 7312, 7407, 7420, 8105, 8155}, {711, 859, 1104, 1197, 1397, 1471, 2043, 2137, 3906, 4206, 4443, 4591, 5325, 5477, 5748, 5869, 7363, 7406, 8102, 8150}}
附录3 860个入度完美匹配的分类
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NOTES
*通讯作者。