青年肺癌与老年肺癌的临床特征对比分析
Comparative Analysis of the Clinical Features of Lung Cancer between Young and Old Patients
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2020.107185, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 427  浏览: 792 
作者: 国建林, 张在先, 张传玉*:青岛大学附属医院放射科,山东 青岛
关键词: 肺肿瘤青年人老年人临床特征Lung Neoplasms Young People Old People Clinical Features
摘要: 目的:探讨青年肺癌与老年肺癌患者的临床特征。方法:选取2016年1月至2019年6月期间收治的120例≤40岁的肺癌患者作为青年组,另随机选取118例≥70岁的同期肺癌患者作为老年组,比较两组患者的临床特征。结果:青年肺癌患者以无吸烟史多见,老年肺癌患者以有吸烟史多见(P < 0.001)。两组患者均以男性、腺癌、III~IV期临床分期为主;青年组女性、腺癌、III~IV期临床分期患者比例均高于老年组,老年组鳞癌患者比例高于青年组(P均 < 0.05)。老年组EGFR突变率高于青年组,青年组ALK重排阳性率高于老年组(P均 < 0.05)。青年组EGFR 19外显子突变率高于老年组(P < 0.05)。两组患者在肺癌家族史方面差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论:青年肺癌女性、不吸烟者、腺癌、III~IV期临床分期患者比例较高,ALK重排阳性率较高,EGFR 19外显子突变率较高;老年肺癌吸烟者、鳞癌患者比例较高,EGFR突变率较高,临床工作中应适当参考这些特征,以做到肺癌的早期诊断及有效治疗。
Abstract: Objective: To explore the clinical features of lung caner in young and old patients. Methods: From January 2016 to June 2019, 120 patients (≤40 years) with lung cancer were selected as the youth group and 118 patients (≥70 years) with lung cancer were selected randomly as the elderly group during the same period. The clinical features were compared between the two groups. Results: Majority of young patients with lung cancer were non-smokers while most elderly patients were smokers (P < 0.001). Patients of two groups both were characterized by males over-representation, adenocarcinoma and stage III - IV. The proportion of females, adenocarcinoma and stage III - IV in the youth group was higher than that in the elderly group (P < 0.05). The proportion of squamous carcinoma in the elderly group was higher than that in the youth group (P < 0.05). The proportion of EGFR gene mutations in the elderly group was higher than that in the youth group (P < 0.05). The proportion of ALK gene rearrangements in the youth group was higher than that in the elderly group (P < 0.05). The proportion of EGFR exon 19 mutations in the youth group was higher than that in the elderly group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of family history of lung cancer (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Lung cancer in young patients is connected with higher proportion of females, non-smokers, adenocarcinoma, stage III - IV, ALK gene rearrangements and EGFR exon 19 mutations. Lung cancer in old patients is connected with higher proportion of smokers, squamous carcinoma and EGFR gene mutations. We should be aware of these characteristics to achieve the early diagnosis and effective treatment of lung caner.
文章引用:国建林, 张在先, 张传玉. 青年肺癌与老年肺癌的临床特征对比分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(7): 1205-1210. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.107185

1. 引言

肺癌是世界上发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。2018年全球新增超过200万例肺癌患者,因肺癌死亡的病例高达176万 [1]。肺癌好发于70岁以上的老年人,在40岁以下的年轻人中相对少见 [2]。近年来,受空气污染及各种高危因素的影响,青年人肺癌发病率呈上升趋势,约占肺癌总人数5% [3]。我们回顾性分析青年肺癌与老年肺癌患者的临床资料,从而提高对青年肺癌及老年肺癌诊断及治疗的认识。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

选取2016年1月至2019年6月期间我院收治的120例 ≤ 40岁的肺癌患者作为青年组,另随机选取118例 ≥ 70岁的同期肺癌患者作为老年组,入组标准:① 所有患者病理诊断明确,② 病历资料完整。病理取材方法为支气管镜活检、经皮肺穿刺活检、术后病理等。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准(批准号:QDFY2016053)。

2.2. 研究方法

回顾性分析两组患者的临床资料,观察指标包括年龄、性别、吸烟史、肺癌家族史、组织学类型、临床分期及基因突变情况。

2.3. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析,计数资料用率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组患者临床特征比较

青年组共120例,年龄20~40岁,平均34.68 ± 5.15岁。老年组共118例,年龄70~88岁,平均75.26 ± 4.32岁。青年肺癌患者以不吸烟者多见,老年肺癌患者以吸烟者多见(P < 0.001,表1);两组患者均以男性、腺癌、III~IV期临床分期为主。青年组女性、腺癌、III-IV期临床分期患者比例均高于老年组,老年组鳞癌患者比例高于青年组,差异具有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05,表1)。两组患者在肺癌家族史方面差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表1)。

Table 1. The comparison of clinical characteristics of lung cancer between young and old patients n (%)

表1. 青年肺癌与老年肺癌患者的临床特征比较n (%)

3.2. 两组患者基因突变类型比较

青年组81例患者行基因检测,其中EGFR突变33例(18外显子突变0例,19外显子突变14例,20外显子突变1例,21外显子突变15例,18及20外显子复合突变1例,19及20外显子复合突变0例,21及20外显子复合突变2例),ALK重排6例,KRAS突变5例,HER2突变5例,ROS1重排5例;老年组75例患者行基因检测,其中EGFR突变44例(18外显子突变2例,19外显子突变9例,20外显子突变1例,21外显子突变28例,18及20外显子复合突变2例,19及20外显子复合突变2例,21及20外显子复合突变0例),ALK重排0例,KRAS突变4例,HER2突变1例,ROS1重排1例。两组患者均以EGFR突变最为常见。在EGFR突变亚型中,两组患者均以21外显子突变最为多见。老年组EGFR突变率高于青年组,青年组ALK重排阳性率高于老年组(P均 < 0.05,表2)。青年组EGFR 19外显子突变率高于老年组(P < 0.05,表3)。

Table 2. The comparison of gene mutations of lung cancer between young and old patients n (%)

表2. 青年肺癌及老年肺癌患者基因突变类型比较n (%)

Table 3. The comparison of EGFR mutant subtypes of lung cancer between young and old patients n (%)

表3. 青年肺癌及老年肺癌患者EGFR突变亚型比较n (%)

注:aFisher精确检验,bχ2检验。

4. 讨论

肺癌是我国发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,2018年我国新发肺癌病例约77.4万,其中男性肺癌病例约51.9万,居男性恶性肿瘤发病率首位,女性肺癌病例约25.6万,居女性恶性肿瘤发病率第二位 [1],形势严峻,因此研究肺癌患者的临床特征,提高对其诊断及治疗的认识具有重要意义。既往研究 [4] [5] [6] 表明,青年肺癌与老年肺癌患者的性别比例存在显著差异,本文也证实了这一点,两组肺癌患者均以男性多见,但青年组女性所占比例明显高于老年组。青年肺癌女性发病率高的原因可能为:① 青年女性吸烟率的增加 [7];② 激素替代疗法的使用;③ 二手烟、装修材料及厨房油烟等室内环境污染的影响 [8]。

有研究 [9] 显示青年肺癌与老年肺癌患者在肿瘤家族史方面存在显著差异,认为青年人肺癌发病更容易受到肿瘤遗传易感性的影响,但本研究显示两组之间在肺癌家族史方面差异无统计学意义,这可能与样本量不足有关,另外还应考虑回忆偏倚的影响。

本文研究结果显示腺癌是青年肺癌与老年肺癌最常见的组织学类型,与文献报道 [9] 一致,其原因可能为腺癌与鳞癌、小细胞癌及其他组织学类型相比更易被诱发,较少的基因突变即可导致腺癌发生 [8]。青年组腺癌患者比例高于老年组,而老年组鳞癌患者比例高于青年组,原因可能为青年肺癌患者以不吸烟者为主,老年肺癌患者以吸烟者为主,吸烟是肺癌的重要危险因素,并且吸烟对于鳞癌的影响要大于对腺癌的影响 [10]。

据文献统计,50%~95%的青年肺癌患者确诊时处于III~IV期 [11],临床分期为III~IV期的肺癌患者中青年患者的比例显著高于老年患者 [12],本研究中有68.3%的青年肺癌患者确诊时处于III~IV期,且青年组III~IV期肺癌患者比例高于老年组,与文献报道一致,其原因可能为:① 青年肺癌患者缺乏典型症状 [13],且往往忽略健康体检;② 青年肺癌与老年肺癌患者肿瘤细胞的核蛋白含量、核蛋白与核DNA比例存在差异,青年肺癌肿瘤细胞分化程度低、增殖率高 [2]。

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)基因突变在西方人群中约占10%~15%,在亚洲人群中约占30% [14],本研究中青年组EGFR突变率为40.7%,老年组EGFR突变率为58.7%,均高于文献统计数据。既往研究 [14] [15] [16] 显示EGFR突变好发于年轻患者,以女性、腺癌、不吸烟者多见,但是本研究发现EGFR突变以老年患者多见,与Hsu等 [17] 的研究一致。本研究结果显示间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK)基因重排以年轻人多见,与Herbst等 [15] 及Zhong等 [18] 的研究相符,ALK重排具有很强的排他性,当它发生时,其他驱动基因往往不会出现突变,这可能是导致本研究中青年组EGFR突变率较低的原因。Deng等 [19] 观察87例ALK重排阳性晚期肺癌患者对于克唑替尼的治疗反应,发现克唑替尼对于中青年患者的疗效要高于老年患者,且肺癌患者年龄越小,对于克唑替尼的治疗越敏感,因此对于ALK重排阳性的晚期青年肺癌患者,克唑替尼是一个不错的选择。此外,本研究中青年组与老年组患者的EGFR突变亚型存在差异,青年组EGFR 19外显子突变率高于老年组,与既往研究相符 [18]。

本研究存在一些局限性:本研究为回顾性研究,因此会存在选择偏倚;为了满足研究要求,我们纳入了120例青年肺癌患者以及118例老年肺癌患者进行分析比较,样本量相对较少。尽管如此,我们仍发现青年肺癌与老年肺癌各自独特的临床特征:青年肺癌女性、不吸烟者、腺癌、III~IV期临床分期患者比例较高,ALK重排阳性率较高,EGFR 19外显子突变率较高;老年肺癌吸烟者、鳞癌患者比例较高,EGFR突变率较高,临床工作中应适当参考这些特点,以实现肺癌的早期诊断、早期治疗。诊断不明确时应当定期随访复查,必要时行支气管镜检查以及经皮肺穿刺活检以降低误诊率、提高肺癌的早期诊断率。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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