食管胃结合部癌淋巴结转移研究进展
Research Progress of Lymph Node Metastasis in Esophagogastric Junction Carcinoma
DOI: 10.12677/jcpm.2024.32026, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 28  浏览: 73 
作者: 霍博文, 燕 速*:青海大学附属医院胃肠外科,青海 西宁
关键词: 食管胃结合部癌Siewert分型淋巴结转移外科治疗Esophagogastric Junction Cancer Siewert Classification Lymph Node Metastasis Surgical Treatment
摘要: 近些年,食管胃结合部癌发病率呈现上升的趋势,对其病因学、生物学行为的研究越来越受到重视。食管胃结合部癌因其解剖学部位的特殊性及生物学行为的不同,其治疗及预后亦有不同。食管胃结合部癌淋巴结转移是影响患者预后的重要因素之一,因该处淋巴引流存在双向性,向头侧引流入下纵隔、甚至中纵隔及上纵隔的可能,向尾侧引流入腹腔胃周淋巴网络及腹腔干的方向。因此,研究食管胃结合部癌的淋巴引流路径及不同类型食管胃结合部癌淋巴结转移规律,将有助于改善此类患者的预后。本文综述了近些年关于食管胃结合部癌淋巴结转移相关研究及报道,以期为食管胃结合部癌的治疗提供参考。
Abstract: In recent years, the incidence rate of cancer in the junction of the esophagus and stomach has been on the rise, and more and more attention has been paid to the study of its etiology and biological behavior. The treatment and prognosis of esophageal gastric junction cancer vary due to the unique anatomical location and different biological behaviors. Lymph node metastasis in esophageal and gastric junction cancer is one of the important factors affecting the prognosis of patients. Due to the bidirectional nature of lymphatic drainage in this area, there is a possibility of drainage into the lower mediastinum, even the middle and upper mediastinum, and towards the tail, into the direction of the abdominal perigastric lymph network and the abdominal trunk. Therefore, studying the lymphatic drainage pathways of esophagogastric junction cancer and the lymph node metastasis of different types of esophagogastric junction cancer will help improve the prognosis of such patients. This article reviews recent research and reports on lymph node metastasis in esophageal gastric junction cancer, intending to provide a reference for treating esophageal gastric junction cancer.
文章引用:霍博文, 燕速. 食管胃结合部癌淋巴结转移研究进展[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2024, 3(2): 174-179. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2024.32026

1. 前言

近些年,食管胃结合部癌但组织学特征又不同于食管癌和胃癌(Esophagogastric Junction, EGJ)的发病率在东、西方国家均有上升 [1] 。当前,淋巴结清扫程度及范围是影响EGJ癌预后的独立影响因素 [2] [3] ,由于解剖位置特殊,该部位肿瘤易出现纵膈淋巴结及腹腔淋巴结转移的可能,认识不同亚型EGJ癌淋巴结转移途径将有助于肿瘤根治性切除和改善患者预后 [4] 。EGJ癌的腹腔淋巴结转移以第1、第2、第3、第7组淋巴结为主,而纵隔淋巴结转移与浸润食管的距离密切相关 [5] 。随着微创外科的发展,腹腔镜技术已广泛应用于消化道肿瘤的治疗,经腹食管裂孔入路(Transesophageal Hiatal, TH)手术可以获得足够的淋巴结清扫数目,且具有较好的安全性和有效性,中国腹腔镜胃肠外科研究组(Chinese Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Surgery Study Group, CLASS)的研究结果可以更好地指导下纵隔淋巴结清扫。

2. 食管胃结合癌腹部淋巴结转移规律

为了探索EGJ癌腹部淋巴结转移规律,几项回顾性研究 [6] [7] [8] 报道了Siewert II型/III型食管胃结合部腺癌(Adenocarcinoma of Esophagogastric Junction, AEG)各站淋巴结转移率,其中转移发生率最高的是第3组为26.9%~46.0%、第1组为32.4%~44.7%、第2组25.3%~27.0%和第7组19.8%~26.0%。这一发现与Kurokawa等 [9] 研究观察的转移率第3组(38.0%)、第1组(35.2%)、第2组(27.1%)、第7组(23.5%)的结论非常吻合。

针对远端胃周淋巴结,一些单中心回顾性临床研究对远端胃周淋巴结转移发生率进行探讨。Yoshikawa等 [10] 、Yabusaki等 [11] 的研究结果提示,EGJ癌远端胃周淋巴结转移率 < 5%,张忠涛等 [12] 的研究认为,Siewert Ⅲ型AEG病人第5、6组淋巴结转移率分别为10.0%、16.7%,而Siewert Ⅱ型AEG病人第5、6组淋巴结转移率分别为0%、3.4%。这些研究结果提示,国内外研究结果均认为远端胃周淋巴结发生转移的可能较低,但这些回顾性研究存在缺陷。1) 无论哪一项研究都未排除预术前行新辅助化疗的患者;2) 中国学者的研究排除EGJ癌中可能出现的SCC患者;3) 日本学者的研究可能出现选择偏差,由胃、胸外科医生共同完成手术的患者可能未被纳入研究;4) 在某些确定EGJ“齿状线”困难的情况下,习惯于根据医生自己的经验和主观意愿来确定,这一部分存在质疑的数据被记录入研究。这些原因都有可能影响远端胃周淋巴结转移率的计算。

目前EGJ癌第12a组淋巴结转移率的研究仍相对较少,刘凤林等 [13] 的研究证实,第12a组发生转移的风险因素是肿瘤位置(胃下1/3)。部分胃中、上1/3的患者也出现第12a组淋巴结的转移,但转移率非常低 [14] 。仅肿瘤位置而言,即使是预行全胃切除 + D2根治术EGJ癌患者的肿瘤的尺寸都不会达到胃下1/3水平。由此,EGJ癌第12a组淋巴结可能不需要清扫?然而,在杨昆、蔡世荣等 [15] [16] 人的研究中,第3、5、6组淋巴结转移与第12a站转移有密切关系;前文已述,第3组是EGJ癌腹腔淋巴结中发生转移率最高的一组,且肿瘤位置偏向胃侧的EGJ癌病例第5、6组淋巴结转移率明显高于肿瘤中位于齿状线的病例。综上所述,尽管第12a清扫率和转移率不成正比,但第3、5、6组淋巴结的转移与第12a的转移相关。因此,肿瘤偏向胃侧的EGJ癌建议清扫No. 12a组淋巴结。

腹主动脉淋巴结中的第16a2组毗邻第2组淋巴结,解剖位置接近食管胃结合部。Motoori等 [17] 的一项研究结果提示,cN2~3是第16a2lat转移的唯一独立危险因素,cN2~3患者第16a2lat转移率为11.8% (11/93例),cN0~1患者转移率为2.0% (5/251例);多因素分析显示第2和第7号转移是第16a2lat转移的独立危险因素,无第2组转移和第7组转移的患者均未出现第16a2lat转移。若第2出现转移则第16a2转移率为23.7%。随机对照试验JCOG9502研究 [18] [19] 报告了主动脉旁第16a2组淋巴结转移率为15.2% (22/145)。相比之下,Kurokawa等 [9] 的前瞻性研究显示,第16a2的转移率仅为4.7% (16/344)。这种差异可能是两项研究肿瘤大小不同导致的。随后,他们根据肿瘤大小进行的亚组分析显示,当肿瘤大小超过6.0 cm时,第16a2组的转移率 > 10%。

3. 食管胃结合癌下纵隔淋巴结转移规律

EGJ癌纵隔淋巴结转移的病理解剖学基础在于食管黏膜肌层存在丰富的淋巴回流。目前还没有明确的证据表明EGJ癌的最佳纵隔淋巴结清扫范围。一些关于EGJ癌纵隔淋巴结转移规律的回顾性研究 [20] [21] [22] [23] 显示,上纵隔淋巴结转移率为大于5%,中纵隔淋巴结转移率小于15%,下纵隔淋巴结转移率近20%。Siewert等 [24] 对1002例EGJ癌患者进行了观察性研究,下纵隔淋巴结转移的发生率为15.6%。1002例AEG患者的总体5年和10年生存率分别为32.3%和24.3%。Hosoda [25] 等通过分析193例EGJ癌患者的临床资料认为,EGJ癌Siewert Ⅰ型纵隔淋巴结转移率是8%、19%、38%;Siewert Ⅱ是3%、3%、7%;Siewert Ⅲ是4%、4%、6%。AEG患者主要发生中、下纵隔淋巴结转移;SCC患者没有发现Ⅱ、Ⅲ型肿瘤转移到中、下纵隔的情况。食管浸润长度是下纵隔淋巴转移的重要风险因素,当肿瘤浸润食管 > 3.0 cm时下纵隔淋巴结转移率分别高达14%和33%。这项研究与以往的研究 [26] 得出了相似得结果,即SCC纵隔淋巴结转移的风险高于AG。然而,这项研究的AC患者早期癌发生率高于SCC,但AEG只有4%和5%的T1b和T2患者出现下纵隔淋巴结转移;这部分早期患者可能会影响总体转移率的计算。因此,目前的数据并不能得出SCC比腺癌恶性程度和纵隔转移风险更高的结论。

Yamashita等 [27] 根据Nishi分型,对EGJ肿瘤直径 < 4 cm的患者进行了一项全国范围包含2807例患者(AEG为84.9%,SCC为13.1%)的回顾性队列研究。纵隔淋巴结转移的发生率分别为:第105:0%~1.1%、第106:0%~5.1%、第107:0%~1.7%、第108:0.8%~4%、第109:0%~2.8%、第110:0.5%~11.9%、第111:0.3%~3.4%和第112:0%~2.3%。综合上述回顾性研究,下纵隔淋巴结转移频率最高,第110组的转移率高于其他下纵隔淋巴结组。Kurokawa等人 [9] 与日本胃癌协会(JGCA)和日本食管癌学会(JES)合作进行了一项EGJ癌多中心前瞻性队列研究。该研究根据Nishi分类调查了371例(AC为91.5%,SCC为8.5%) cT2~4 EGJ癌患者纵隔淋巴结转移的频率。其结果显示,第110、111和112站的淋巴结转移率分别为9.3%、3.4%和2.0%。当肿瘤侵犯食管长度 ≤ 2 cm,下纵隔淋巴结转移率均 < 10%。当肿瘤侵犯食管长度为2.1~3.0 cm、3.1~4.0 cm和>4.0 cm时,第10组淋巴结转移率分别为10.8%、20.8%和28.6%。第111淋巴结转移率分别为4.6%、3.8%和10.7%;第112组淋巴结转移率分别为3.1%、1.9%和7.1%。EGJ癌纵隔淋巴结转移的病理特征与较差的生存结果相关。Hiroya等 [22] 的研究表明,AEG病理证实上纵隔淋巴结转移患者在3年内没有复发的概率仅为10%,而SCC患者的概率则高达25%。与SCC患者相比,AEG患者的生存时间可能更短。肿瘤大小与AEG纵隔淋巴结转移相关。Noma等 [5] 通过分析88例AEG患者的临床资料评估纵隔淋巴结转移与肿瘤大小的关系。研究可知,肿瘤大小为2.1~3.0 cm时,下纵隔淋巴结转移发生率为10.5%;肿瘤大小为4.1~ 5.0 cm时,10.5%的患者出现中纵隔淋巴结转移;肿瘤大小超过6.0 cm时,17.6%的颈部淋巴结发生转移。最后,他们认为肿瘤 > 4.0 cm是纵隔淋巴结转移的危险因素。

4. 食管胃结合部癌淋巴结清扫

目前的EGJ癌治疗指南并未明确说明切除或检查淋巴结的最佳数目。为了解决这些有争议的问题,一些专家学者对此展开了探索。李勇等 [28] 回顾性分析了2668例基于T、N分期的AEG患者术后临床病理资料,建议外科医生针对T1~2分期的患者,淋巴结清扫不应 < 11个,T3~4分期的患者则不应 < 17个。国内 [29] 利用基于人群的大型数据库研究I~III期Siewert II、III型AEG清扫淋巴数量、淋巴结分期和长期生存率之间的关联,建议将清扫18个淋巴结作为临床实践中术后淋巴结检查或预后分层质量评估的最佳切入点。

目前,中国经TH手术清扫下纵隔淋巴结能否使Siewert II/III型患者获益尚缺乏大样本前瞻性研究。北京大学肿瘤医院季加孚、李子禹等开展的一项前瞻性研究 [30] 证实,Siewert Ⅱ/Ⅲ型EGJ癌患者行TH手术清扫下纵隔淋巴结,技术上具有一定的安全性。因此,他们建议按照前、后、右、左的顺序进行淋巴结剥离。目前,CLASS-10研究 [31] 旨在验证IDEAL框架下,腹腔镜下纵隔淋巴结切除术治疗Siewert II/III型AEG的可行性和疗效。通过全国多中心数据来探讨下纵隔淋巴结清扫的相关问题,这项研究将为EGJ癌患者的手术治疗及相关术后并发症的防治提供更多的指导。

5. 小结

肿瘤的所在部位、大小及分期、是否侵犯食管及胃体,以及侵犯的范围是决定手术入路和淋巴结清扫范围的主要依据,尤其对于Siewert II型腺癌的外科治疗方式的选择仍存在一定的争议,除食管胃结合部鳞状细胞癌和Siewert Ⅰ型腺癌仍由胸外科处理,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型已多由腹部外科或胃肠外科进行手术,多学科合作共治食管胃结合部癌将是大势所趋。设计良好的临床研究将有助于对Siewert II型腺癌淋巴结转移规律的研究及治疗方案的抉择有帮助。随着微创技术的不断进步,在高清摄像头的指引下,经腹食管裂孔完成食管胃结合部癌淋巴结清扫及消化道的重建成为可能,保证手术安全切缘,达到R0切除是食管胃结合部癌外科治疗的金标准。要真正改善食管胃结合部癌患者的生存及预后,只有回归基本的解剖学、生理学视角;加强多学科的沟通合作,借助术前新辅助放化疗,以及免疫治疗等综合诊疗手段,才能给局部晚期食管胃结合部癌患者带来了希望。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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