系统性红斑狼疮患者的肝脏受累研究进展
Research Progress of Liver Involvement in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141178, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 259  浏览: 592 
作者: 刘茂萍, 唐 琳*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院风湿免疫科,重庆
关键词: 系统性红斑狼疮狼疮性肝炎临床表现发病机制治疗Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Lupus Hepatitis Clinical Manifestation Pathogenesis Treatment
摘要: 系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)患者在病程中常伴有肝功能异常,由狼疮本病导致的肝损伤称为狼疮性肝炎(lupus hepatitis, LH)。系统性红斑狼疮患者肝脏受累的临床症状通常是轻微和非特异性的,例如:恶心、乏力、腹胀、腹痛等,肝衰竭、非肝硬化门静脉高压、肝性脑病等情况罕见。目前狼疮性肝炎的发病机制尚不明确,有文献推测补体沉积和血管炎是两种可能的机制。狼疮性肝炎尚无统一的诊断标准,需除外其他病因,必要时需通过肝穿刺活检来明确病因诊断。狼疮性肝炎被认为是SLE疾病活动的结果,且与疾病活动度相关的指标密切相关,予以激素及免疫抑制剂治疗后,肝酶水平随着疾病的控制而显著下降。本文对PubMed数据库进行全面的文献检索,对LH的发病机制、临床特点、诊断和治疗等研究进展进行讨论并作一综述。
Abstract: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE) are often accom-panied with abnormal liver function during the course of the disease. The liver injury caused by SLE is called lupus hepatitis (lupus hepatitis, LH). The clinical symptoms of liver involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are usually mild and non-specific, such as nausea, fatigue, ab-dominal distension, abdominal pain and so on. Liver failure, non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy are rare. At present, the pathogenesis of lupus hepatitis is not clear, and some literatures speculate that complement deposition and vasculitis are two possible mecha-nisms. There is no unified diagnostic standard for lupus hepatitis, and other causes should be ex-cluded. If necessary, liver biopsy should be used to confirm the etiological diagnosis. Lupus hepatitis is considered to be the result of SLE disease activity, and is closely related to disease activity. After treatment with hormones and immunosuppressants, liver enzyme levels decreased significantly with the control of the disease. This paper makes a comprehensive literature search of PubMed da-tabase, and discusses and reviews the research progress on the pathogenesis, clinical features, di-agnosis and treatment of LH.
文章引用:刘茂萍, 唐琳. 系统性红斑狼疮患者的肝脏受累研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 1228-1235. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141178

1. 引言

系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病,多见于年轻女性,可损害肺、肾脏、肝脏和心脏等多器官。肝损伤在SLE患者中很常见,高达25%~60%的SLE患者在病程中会出现肝脏受累 [1] [2] 。确定狼疮性肝炎的发病率比较困难,明确诊断需除外酒精、药物、病毒感染、代谢紊乱、自身免疫性肝炎和其他常见的肝功能障碍病因 [3] 。在日本一项206例SLE患者的研究中,肝功能障碍的患者占59.7%,其中药物性肝损害(30.9%)、狼疮性肝炎(28.5%)、脂肪肝(17.9%)、自身免疫性肝炎(4.9%)、原发性胆道胆管炎(2.4%)、胆管炎(1.6%)、酒精(1.6%)或病毒性肝炎(0.8%) [4] 。狼疮性肝炎往往与狼疮本病疾病活动有关,被认为是一种以非特异性肝酶升高和全身性疾病活动性为特征的轻度肝病 [5] [6] [7] ,常常伴有抗核糖体P抗体阳性 [8] [9] 。几项大型多中心研究表明,肝病不是狼疮患者发病和死亡的主要原因,SLE患者是否伴有肝功能障碍的生存率无明显差异 [1] [10] [11] 。不列颠群岛狼疮评估小组(BILAG)的疾病活动性指数将“狼疮性肝炎”作为一个单独的项目,但在更广泛使用的SLE疾病活动性评分2000 (SLEDAI-2K)中没有反映肝脏疾病 [12] 。目前对于狼疮性肝炎的研究较少,狼疮性肝炎的发病机制尚不明确,有文献推测补体沉积和血管炎是两种可能的机制 [3] [13] [14] [15] ,临床工作中对LH缺乏清晰的认知及有效的管理,本文就狼疮性肝炎的研究进展进行综述。

2. LH的定义

目前对于LH的诊断缺乏统一的金标准,需除外酒精性肝炎、药物性肝损伤、病毒性肝炎(甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型、戊型肝炎、EB病毒或巨细胞病毒、CMV等)、自身免疫性肝病、遗传或代谢性肝病和其他常见的肝功能障碍病因。肝脏是SLE的重要靶点这一观点越来越明确,有学者将LH定义为免疫细胞向肝实质浸润增加 [16] ,与狼疮本病疾病活动有关。目前倾向于认为狼疮与特异性的重度进行性肝损害无明显相关性,其相关肝脏病变多为亚临床型,通常表现为无临床症状的转氨酶升高 [17] ,在糖皮质激素治疗后转氨酶可以恢复正常。

3. LH的发病机制

1) 抗原抗体结合:SLE患者血清中存在以抗核抗体为主的多种自身抗体,肝细胞可作为靶细胞,其细胞中的抗原成分与SLE患者血清中的自身抗体结合,通过补体介导和非补体介导的途径,直接损伤肝细胞。LH患者中常常伴有抗核糖体P抗体阳性 [8] [9] ,进一步研究提示,该抗体在体外与肝细胞膜上的38kD核糖体P0蛋白发生多肽交叉反应,可导致肝细胞溶解、转氨酶升高;此外抗核糖体P蛋白抗体可上调SLE患者外周血单核细胞分泌促炎因子,进一步导致肝炎进展。同样血清中的循环免疫复合物在肝组织和(或)胆管上皮表面沉积,也可进一步激活补体和多种炎症细胞浸润,造成肝组织和肝内胆管损伤 [8] [18] 。2) 细胞浸润:免疫细胞从发育到肝脏的再循环过程是由细胞粘附分子(CAMs)和整合素引导的,引导免疫细胞浸润的过程受细胞内信号的调节,包括活性氧(ROS),它可以通过直接修饰整合素或通过氧化还原敏感的Rab蛋白GTP酶介导整合素的内吞运输,调节免疫攻击,引起肝脏氧化应激的活性氧(ROS)可能来自线粒体、细胞质或细胞膜 [16] 。3) 血管炎:SLE相关性血管炎(SLE-associated vasculitis, SAV)是以血管炎症及坏死为主的常见病理表现,SLE患者中SAV发生率为11%~36%,主要累及小血管,尤其是毛细血管后小静脉(80%~90%) [14] [15] ,累及肝动脉及门静脉的情况少见,肝脏血管炎表现可进一步发展为门静脉血栓形成或肝动脉破裂出血 [19] 。4) 高凝状态:SLE中抗磷脂抗体(aPL)的阳性率高于健康对照,通常滴度随着疾病活动性而增加,肝脏动静脉血管受累可进一步导致门静脉血栓、Budd-Chiari综合征(肝上静脉或下腔静脉阻塞)和肝动脉血栓形成。这些血栓事件可导致非肝硬化门静脉高压症 [20] 。肝静脉流出梗阻引起的Budd-Chiari综合征可能是SLE相关的继发性APS患者的初始表现 [21] 。

4. 病理

4.1. 免疫病理

肝脏中C1q沉积可能是狼疮性肝炎的一个特征性病理特征。在一项中国回顾性研究中,10例初治的狼疮性肝炎患者行肝穿刺活检,其中7例患者(70%)的肝脏免疫病理特征表现为Clq强阳性沉积 [22] 。但该研究样本量小,目前仍需更多LH的病理活检来验证这一观点。

Fang Xiang等人发现在小鼠模型的实验研究中,狼疮易感小鼠中肝功能障碍常见,且肝损小鼠门静脉周围常有大量IgG沉积。通过肝内注射狼疮血清IgG重建小鼠肝损伤模型,肝脏IgG沉积激活Kupffer细胞和NK细胞的FcγRIII,引起免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序ITAM活化,进而IKK/NF-KB活化,促进TNF-α和促炎细胞因子的产生,发挥诱导肝细胞凋亡的协同作用,敲除IGG激活性受体FcγRIII后,小鼠肝脏炎症减轻。IgG或含IgG复合物是狼疮血清诱导的肝脏炎症发展的主要因素,阻断IgG诱导的肝损伤将有望成为治疗SLE重度肝损害的靶点 [23] [24] 。

4.2. 组织病理

SLE肝损害患者肝脏组织病理学表现多样,不同病因下的肝损害呈现其特定的特点,最常见的发现是慢性活动性肝炎、慢性肝肉芽肿性变和非特异性炎症 [20] 。狼疮性肝炎被描述为小叶性肝炎,伴有中央肝细胞萎缩和坏死、脂肪浸润和炎性淋巴细胞浸润 [25] ,缺乏特异性,不似AIH常伴有典型病理改变,如:界面炎、桥接坏死、玫瑰花结、纤维化等。Zheng Ruhuaet等人对10例LH进行肝活检,组织病理结果提示:门静脉炎症伴少量淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞和浆细胞浸润8例;肝细胞水肿8例,脂肪变性2例,轻度胆汁淤积2例,局灶性坏死1例,结节性再生增生(NRH) 1例 [22] 。有报道称,抗磷脂抗体引起的凝血功能障碍、免疫复合物在肝脏血管的沉积参与SLE相关的NRH发病机制,引发血管炎和凝血级联反应,导致肝脏血管的闭塞,肝实质细胞在肝脏血流动力学障碍时发生异常反应性增生,随后可发展为非肝硬化门静脉高压 [3] [6] 。

5. 临床特征

LH的临床症状通常是轻微和非特异性的。在一项242例意大利SLE患者研究中,有45例(18.6%)出现肝脏异常,其中14例(5.7%)归因于狼疮性肝炎,表现为亚临床型 [10] 。在一项纳入了504例中国SLE住院患者的回顾性研究中,47例(9.3%)患者诊断为狼疮性肝炎,其中只有6例表现出与肝损伤相关的轻度症状,如疲劳和恶心 [22] 。部分患者体格检查可出现黄疸、肝肿大。终末期肝病合并门脉高压、肝硬化和肝性脑病是SLE的罕见并发症,SLE患者伴有腹水很少与肝脏受累或门静脉高压有关 [20] 。SLE患者因肝脏动脉炎导致肝破裂在极少数情况下也有报道 [26] [27] 。You H等人的研究发现SLE伴肝硬化患者血液学系统受累(血小板减少和白细胞减少)和肝功能恶化的发生率明显更高;免疫球蛋白G水平高的患者死亡率高于无肝硬化患者(p < 0.05),对血液系统受累及肝功能受损的患者应予以重视 [28] 。

SLE伴肝衰竭病例罕见,小样本量研究发现SLE合并急性肝功能衰竭(ALF)炎症反应更明显,GGT是机体氧化应激系统的指标之一,参与炎性反应、细胞氧化还原反应等,ALF患者GGT也呈现出更高的水平;随着GGT水平的升高,SLE加重的风险也相应升高 [29] 。目前狼疮性肝炎合并肝衰竭的临床研究较少,样本量小,需更多的研究来探讨SLE患者肝功能衰竭的发病率及临床特点。

狼疮性肝炎被认为与狼疮本病疾病活动有关,单独出现的肝脏受累而无SLE其他活动性的表现是不常见的,LH患者常伴有其他器官系统持续受累的证据。最常见的器官系统受累为血液系统、粘膜皮肤、关节和肾脏 [3] 。在一项SLE患者的纵向研究中,与未累及肝脏的SLE患者(50.3%, 219/435)相比,合并肝病的SLE患者(20.7%, 90/435)的抗ds-DNA、SLEDAI评分更高,低补体血症、白细胞减少、血小板减少、蛋白尿的发生率明显增加 [2] 。在一项158例SLE患者的回顾性研究中,存在狼疮相关性肝损伤SLE患者(45.57%)与无SLE相关肝损伤患者相比,年龄更小、病程短、SLEDAI-2K评分较高,高α-HBDH是SLE相关肝损伤的独立危险因素,区分SLE患者有无肝损伤的最佳临界值为258.50 U/L,敏感性为60.94%,特异性为94.67% [5] 。研究结果提示LH是狼疮疾病活动的结果,且与疾病活动度相关的指标密切相关,予以激素及免疫抑制剂治疗后,肝酶水平随着疾病的控制而显著下降。

6. 鉴别诊断

6.1. 自身免疫性肝病

自身免疫性肝病(AILD)主要包括自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)和原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)。Efe等人发现,多达三分之二的肝功能异常的SLE患者符合AIH简化标准,而只有约14%的组织病理学符合AIH标准 [30] 。在SLE-AIH重叠患者中,狼疮性肝炎和自身免疫性肝炎可能同时存在,鉴别诊断具有挑战性。对于明确肝损病因,肝活检有一定的必要性,AIH具有典型的病理改变:淋巴–浆细胞浸润、界面性肝炎、桥接坏死、玫瑰花环、纤维化等,推荐无禁忌症的拟诊AIH患者行肝组织学检查(B1) [31] 。在SLE中,早期阶段识别、区分LH和AIH很重要,两者在治疗时间和停药指针方面存在差异。Takahashi对123例成年SLE患者的肝功能障碍进行研究,AIH患者的肝功能障碍相较于LH患者,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平更高,其长期预后也更差 [4] 。对AIH的治疗需要持续至少3年或24个月生化缓解(转氨酶和IgG水平正常)后才可尝试停药 [32] 。对现有药物不耐受或反应不足的情况下,AIH患者发生失代偿性肝硬化和肝细胞癌的可能性高,基于AIH患者血清B细胞活化因子(BAFF)水平升高,目前已有成功将贝利尤单抗用于治疗难治性AIH的三线方案的案例报告 [33] [34] 。

PBC是最常见的AILD,其特征为累及小胆管的破坏性、淋巴细胞性胆管炎,可导致进行性胆管减少、肝内胆汁淤积和胆道纤维化。临床表现从无症状到非特异性表现,伴有黄疸和瘙痒。SLE-PBC重叠是通过满足两种疾病的诊断标准来定义的,SLE通常影响年轻的育龄女性,而PBC更常见于中年女性。SLE-PBC重叠综合征的模式主要取决于遗传决定因素,共同的易感基因位点在两种疾病中广泛分布 [6] 。通过全基因组研究,这两种疾病都有报道共享IRF5-TNPO3基因跨度单倍型位点 [35] 。无论采用何种方案治疗SLE,熊去氧胆酸都是有效的PBC一线治疗方法。

PSC是一种罕见的胆汁淤积性AILD,其特征是肝内和肝外胆管持续进行性炎症、纤维化和狭窄,导致肝硬化。大约一半的患者是无症状的。排除继发原因后,通过胆汁淤积伴ALP升高和胆管狭窄影像学诊断。自身免疫性胆囊炎也可表现为胆道病变,壁内毛细血管网血管炎性损伤,最终可能进展为急性非结石性胆囊炎 [36] 。

6.2. 药物性肝损害

药物性肝损害(DILI)是最常见和最严重的药物不良反应之一,重者可导致急性肝衰竭甚至死亡 [37] 。风湿病患者可能存在发生肝损害的易感因素,在长期或大剂量使用某种处方药后,DILI发生率较高 [38] 。SLE患者中常导致DILI的药物包括非甾体抗炎药、免疫抑制剂,如:甲氨蝶呤、环磷酰胺、硫唑嘌呤、来氟米特、环孢素、他克莫司等 [20] 。甲氨蝶呤在低剂量处方下相对安全,但有报道称,联合使用非甾体抗炎药等情况下可导致急性肝功能障碍,长期使用可发生进行性肝纤维化和肝硬化 [39] ,通常在不少于2年的长期使用后发生 [40] 。大部分SLE患者伴DILI在停药后肝酶水平会好转,在极少数情况下,发生严重不可逆的肝损害,发展为慢性肝病或爆发性肝衰竭。

药物性肝损伤的在线临床数据库、应用和信息平台(Hepatox.org)是中国第一个药物性肝损伤领域的专业网络平台,其中包含各种关于药物性肝损伤的药物信息、专题报道、最新资讯、医学知识等内容,在有疑问的情况下可以使用该数据库。

6.3. 病毒性肝炎

据估计,在接受免疫抑制剂治疗的HBsAg阳性风湿病患者中,HBV再激活(HBVr)发生率约为12%~24% [41] [42] ,HBVr也可在HBsAg阴性/HBcAb阳性(resolved hepatitis B infection, RHB)患者中发生,导致HBsAg反向血清转化(RS)。即使在停药后很长一段时间内,HBVr的风险仍可能发生 [43] [44] 。一项队列研究中的多因素logistic回归分析显示,诊断SLE时年龄 ≥ 40岁(HR: 5.30, p < 0.001)、接受糖皮质激素及免疫抑制治疗(HR: 4.78, p = 0.003)、接受糖皮质激素 ≥ 10 mg强尼松龙等效物(HR: 3.68, p = 0.003)是HBsAg阳性患者发生HBVr的独立危险因素 [45] 。依据我国2022年慢性乙型肝炎防治指南,HBsAg阳性SLE接受免疫抑制治疗时建议启动抗病毒预防 [46] ,同时在SLE患者终身治疗中,筛查及随访乙肝标志物及HBV-DNA定量检查是十分必要的。

6.4. 非酒精性脂肪肝

非酒精性脂肪性肝病是一个复杂的代谢异常过程,包括从脂肪变性到终末期肝病的不同情况。肥胖、缺乏运动、久坐不动等生活方式使得非酒精性脂肪肝发病率增加,SLE患者也存在上诉风险因素,同时在SLE患者中代谢综合征和胰岛素抵抗的发生率也高,特别是长期使用CS,在SLE患者的肝活检标本中发现NAFLD的频率增加 [6] 。Huang等人报告的1533例SLE患者的相关数据表明,肥胖、高血压和药物相关毒性等代谢异常可能比SLE相关因素更容易出现肝毒性损害 [47] 。早期识别和重点干预那些可以改变的因素,如体重和生活方式,是重要且有效的,影像学检查在肝脂肪变性的筛查中是有必要的。此外,Maiorino等人发现HCQ可以改善血脂和血糖水平,有助于降低SLE患者的高心血管风险 [48] 。一项动物实验发现羟氯喹可以减轻小鼠的体重,通过下调肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ的表达,改善肥胖诱导的脂肪毒性和胰岛素抵抗 [49] 。一项针对羟氯喹改善类风湿关节炎患者心血管疾病的系统回顾和荟萃分析提示:HCQ治疗2个月后RA患者TC、LDL和TG水平均下降 [50] 。然而目前羟氯喹是否能够降低SLE患者发生非酒精脂肪肝风险尚不明确,仍需进一步的临床研究来回答这个问题。

7. 治疗及管理

管理肝功受损的患者最重要的是明确病因诊断,针对不同病因下的肝酶升高制定合适的治疗方案。LH患者在予以激素及免疫抑制剂治疗后,肝酶水平常常能趋于正常,发生肝硬化和/或门静脉高压的SLE患者遵循普通人群相同的治疗原则 [20] 。因此,排除继发因素下的肝酶升高不应是拒绝免疫抑制治疗的理由,特别是当SLE疾病处于活动时。临床中LH发展为肝硬化、肝衰竭等晚期肝病的情况少见,通常是合并另一种肝病,在早期识别肝病的合并症并及时干预十分重要;对于合并有补体降低、抗ds-DNA升高、抗核糖体P蛋白阳性、合并有血液系统(血小板、白细胞减少)受累、疾病活动等因素的SLE应密切随访其肝功能。

8. 结论

SLE患者肝功能异常病因多样,可以由疾病本身、药物的肝毒性、非酒精性脂肪肝、免疫抑制剂治疗相关的病毒性肝炎、自身免疫性肝病等多种因素导致的。临床工作中明确肝功能异常的病因诊断很困难,需要采集详细的病史、完善常规、生化及免疫学指标等、影像学资料,必要时还需肝脏病理活检。为了更好地管理这类患者,我们需充分了解其发病率、临床表现、鉴别诊断等,同时在治疗SLE的过程中,应尽早识别高危因素、制定合适的方案,并密切随访肝功。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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