2021~2022年四川省产前诊断自贡分中心1296例胎儿超声筛查诊断异常情况分析
Analysis of Abnormal Fetal Ultrasound Screening Diagnoses in 1296 Casesat the Prenatal Diagnosis Center in Zigong, Sichuan Province, 2021~2022
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13112422, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 289  浏览: 379  科研立项经费支持
作者: 满 琴:西南医科大学附属医院妇产科,四川 泸州;自贡市妇幼保健院产前诊断中心,四川 自贡;谢川博:自贡市妇幼保健院超声医学科,四川 自贡;傅晓冬*:西南医科大学附属医院妇产科,四川 泸州
关键词: 产前超声胎儿畸形高危因素回顾性分析Prenatal Ultrasound Fetal Abnormalities High-Risk Factors Retrospective Analysis
摘要: 目的:探讨中孕期超声诊断胎儿结构畸形的价值并分析漏诊和误诊的原因。方法:选取我院产前诊断中心自2021年1月至2022年12月期间进行系统性产前超声诊断的36,282例孕妇作为研究对象,观察畸形检出情况及妊娠结局,并按照系统解剖进行分类,计算其超声诊断的准确性、灵敏度和特异度;分析符合胎儿畸形超声诊断的孕妇相关高危风险因素,并通过产前诊断追踪随访系统对漏诊和误诊情况进行总结。结果:1) 本研究共检出胎儿畸形1296例,其中心脏及血管畸形438例,神经系统畸形230例,胸肺畸形21例,腹部异常21例,消化系统畸形68例,泌尿系统畸形313例,肢体及脊柱畸形37例,颜面畸形127例,腹腔积液及全身水肿4例,宫内发育受限13例,双耳异常1例,背部皮肤稍强回声1例,脐带囊肿2例,双胎儿生长发育不一致1例,无心畸胎序列征1例,皮下囊性占位1例,复杂畸形17例,检出率为3.57%。2) 中孕期胎儿超声诊断的符合率95.32%,灵敏度96.21%,特异性95.87%。3) 胎儿解剖结构畸形的发生率与多种因素具有明显的相关性。其中,孕妇高龄、病毒感染孕期、孕期接触有害物质、遗传因素、营养因素、不良生活方式以及服用可能致畸的药物都是导致胎儿畸形的主要风险之一。4) 经随访(电话随访691例,查阅病例605例,随访失败33例),其中引产129例,活产1167例,1204例符合诊断,48例漏诊(引产11例,活产37例),11例误诊(均为活产)。结论:妊娠中期在产前诊断中心进行系统性超声诊断检出胎儿结构畸形异常,这对于减少新生儿缺陷率、提高人口素质并满足社会需求具有至关重要的作用,是建设健康中国的一项高效手段。
Abstract: Objective: To explore the value of mid-pregnancy ultrasound diagnosis of fetal structural abnormal-ities and analyze the reasons for missed and misdiagnoses. Methods: A total of 36,282 pregnant women who underwent systematic prenatal ultrasound diagnosis at our prenatal diagnosis center from January 2021 to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects. Fetal abnormalities were observed, categorized based on systematic anatomy, and the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of ultrasound diagnosis were calculated. High-risk factors related to fetal malformations diagnosed by ultrasound were analyzed, and missed and misdiagnoses were summarized using the prenatal di-agnostic tracking and follow-up system. Results: 1) In this study, 1296 cases of fetal abnormalities were detected, including 438 cases of heart and vascular malformations, 230 cases of neurological malformations, 21 cases of chest and lung abnormalities, 21 cases of abdominal abnormalities, 68 cases of digestive system malformations, 313 cases of urinary system malformations, 37 cases of limb and spine malformations, 127 cases of facial malformations, 4 cases of abdominal fluid accu-mulation and generalized edema, 13 cases of intrauterine growth restriction, 1 case of bilateral ear abnormalities, 1 case of slightly hyperechoic lesion on the back skin, 2 cases of umbilical cord cysts, 1 case of discordant growth in twin fetuses, 1 case of absence of fetal cardiac abnormalities se-quence, 1 case of subcutaneous cystic mass, and 17 cases of complex malformations. The detection rate was 3.57%. 2) The concordance rate of mid-pregnancy fetal ultrasound diagnosis was 95.32%, with a sensitivity of 96.21% and specificity of 95.87%. 3) The occurrence of fetal anatomical mal-formations was significantly correlated with multiple factors, including maternal advanced age, vi-ral infections during pregnancy, exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy, genetic factors, nutritional factors, unhealthy lifestyles, and the use of potentially teratogenic drugs. 4) Through follow-up (phone follow-up for 691 cases, case review for 605 cases, 33 cases of unsuccessful fol-low-up), 129 cases resulted in induced abortions, and 1167 cases resulted in live births. Among them, 1204 cases were consistent with the diagnosis, 48 cases were missed diagnoses (11 induced abortions, 37 live births), and 11 cases were misdiagnosed (all live births). Conclusion: Systematic ultrasound diagnosis of fetal structural abnormalities during mid-pregnancy at prenatal diagnosis centers plays a crucial role in reducing the incidence of neonatal defects, improving population quality, and meeting societal needs. It is an efficient means to build a healthy China.
文章引用:满琴, 谢川博, 傅晓冬. 2021~2022年四川省产前诊断自贡分中心1296例胎儿超声筛查诊断异常情况分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(11): 17287-17292. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13112422

1. 引言

近年来,我国对产前超声诊断的研究和应用经历了显著的进展,各级医疗机构积极开展这一技术,以满足不断增长的社会需求 [1] [2] 。四川省作为中国西部地区的重要地区,其产前诊断分中心在提供高质量的产前超声筛查方面发挥着关键作用。产前超声诊断作为现代医学领域中的一项重要技术,在妊娠期间对胎儿进行结构畸形的筛查和评估方面发挥着关键作用。产前超声诊断作为现代医学领域中的关键技术,在妊娠期间对胎儿结构畸形进行筛查和评估方面发挥着重要作用。根据最新研究和临床数据,产前超声诊断早期发现结构畸形的能力得到了充分验证。一项研究指出 [3] ,产前超声在孕妇怀孕的早期就可以准确识别胎儿结构畸形,提高了患儿出生后的生存率和生活质量。此外,国外报道显示 [4] ,产前超声诊断不仅可以提高胎儿健康状况的识别率,还能减少孕产妇和胎儿的并发症风险,为孕妇提供更安全的妊娠期体验。同时,超声产前筛查指南也表明 [5] ,产前超声诊断还对家庭心理健康起到积极作用,帮助家庭在孩子出生前更好地做好准备。通过高频声波成像,产前超声诊断能够提供宝贵的信息,帮助医疗专业人员早期发现和诊断潜在的胎儿畸形,为孕妇和胎儿的健康提供重要保障 [6] [7] [8] 。

本研究选取了2021年至2022年期间四川产前诊断自贡分中心的621例胎儿超声筛查诊断异常情况,旨在深入了解中孕期超声诊断在筛查胎儿结构畸形方面的价值和效果。同时,研究还将分析导致漏诊和误诊的原因,以便改进超声诊断技术和提高检查准确性。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

本研究选择了四川省产前诊断自贡分中心自2021年1月至2022年12月期间进行系统性产前超声诊断的36282例孕妇作为研究对象,平均年龄(23.29 ± 5.13)岁,平均孕周(22.33 ± 1.96)周。纳入标准:临床资料完整患者。排除标准为:不愿配合检查、有家族遗传病史、精神疾病或沟通障碍的患者。这些孕妇均签署了知情同意书。研究得到了我院伦理委员会的批准。

2.2. 方法

所选孕妇均接受了产前系统胎儿超声筛查,使用GE8或GE10彩色多普勒超声检查设备进行检查。超声探头的频率设置为2~6 MHz,工作效率保持在100 mW/cm以内。孕妇在检查期间采取仰卧位,腹部充分暴露,并在超声探头前端与腹部涂抹耦合剂。医生进行全面的超声检查,包括横向、纵向和斜向扫查。具体检查内容为:① 生长和发育状况,测量胎儿的头围、双顶径、腹围、股骨长度等参数,以评估胎儿的整体生长状况和体重估算。② 颅内结构,检查胎儿的脑部结构,包括脑侧室、小脑和小脑延髓池等,以排除脑部发育异常。③ 心脏,观察胎儿心脏的发育情况,包括心室和心房,检查心脏的结构和功能,以及房室瓣的健康状况。④ 脊柱和四肢,检查脊柱和四肢的发育,包括脊柱的完整性和四肢骨骼的形态。⑤ 内脏器官,评估内脏器官的发育情况,包括肝脏、胃、膀胱、胆囊、双肾等,以排除器官发育异常。⑥ 面部特征,观察胎儿颜面部的特征,包括上唇、眼眶、鼻骨和上牙槽突的发育情况。⑦ 羊水和脐带,评估羊水的成熟度和深度,观察脐带的位置和是否存在脐带绕体或脐带绕颈等情况。

2.3. 临床观察指标

通过对比孕妇的引产或分娩结果,分析产前系统胎儿超声筛查的临床观察指标在医学诊断和治疗方面的重要性。

2.4. 统计学方法

使用SPSS 21.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料以平均值 ± 标准误差表示。当P值小于0.05时,差异被认为具有显著统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 各系统胎儿畸形检出率

这项研究涵盖了1296例不同类型的胎儿畸形病例,其中包括心脏及血管畸形、神经系统畸形、胸肺畸形、腹部异常、消化系统畸形、泌尿系统畸形、肢体及脊柱畸形、颜面畸形、腹腔积液及全身水肿、宫内发育受限、双耳异常、背部皮肤稍强回声、脐带囊肿、双胎儿生长发育不一致、无心畸胎序列征、皮下囊性占位以及复杂畸形。详细见表1

Table 1. Fetal abnormalities detection summary

表1. 胎儿畸形检出情况

3.2. 对胎儿结构畸形的筛查效能

对超声筛查出的1296例畸形进行随访,成功1263例(电话随访691例,查阅病例605例,其中引产129例,活产1167例),失败33例。1204例符合诊断,48例漏诊(引产11例,活产37例),11例误诊(均为活产)。中孕期胎儿超声诊断的符合率95.32%,灵敏度96.21%,特异性95.87%。

4. 讨论

4.1. 胎儿畸形的检出率和超声诊断的准确性

本研究的检出率为3.57%,这与现有文献报道的数字相符 [9] [10] [11] 。这表明超声诊断在早期发现和筛查胎儿结构畸形方面具有一定的效用。中孕期胎儿超声诊断的符合率达到95.44%,灵敏度为93.90%,特异性为99.28%,这表明该中心的超声技术在胎儿畸形筛查中表现出色。然而,我们也要关注其中的漏诊和误诊情况,特别是误诊对活产的影响。未来的研究可以进一步探讨如何进一步提高超声诊断的准确性,以减少这些不确定性。

4.2. 胎儿畸形与高危因素的相关性

研究结果表明,胎儿畸形的发生与多种因素具有相关性,包括孕妇高龄、孕期病毒感染、孕期接触有害物质、遗传因素、不良生活方式和药物使用。这些因素都可能增加胎儿畸形的发生风险 [12] 。这一发现提示了在孕妇健康管理中,特别是高风险孕妇,需要更加密切的关注和监测。此外,未来的研究可以进一步探讨这些因素与具体畸形类型之间的关联。

4.3. 漏诊和误诊问题

通过随访发现了一定数量的漏诊和误诊情况,这对于临床决策和孕妇的心理健康都有重要影响 [13] 。漏诊可能导致对胎儿潜在问题的忽视,而误诊可能引发不必要的焦虑和干预措施 [14] 。因此,产前超声诊断的质量控制至关重要。未来的研究可以关注加强超声医生的培训和提高实践技能,以及改进超声设备的性能,以减少漏诊和误诊的风险 [15] 。

4.4. 产前超声诊断的社会价值

产前超声诊断在减少新生儿缺陷率、提高人口素质和满足社会需求方面发挥着重要作用 [16] 。它为孕妇提供了重要的信息,帮助她们做出关于胎儿健康的决策。此外,通过早期诊断和干预治疗,可以改善患有结构畸形的胎儿的预后。因此,继续投资和改进产前超声诊断技术是非常有价值的。

5. 结论

本研究强调了产前超声诊断在筛查胎儿结构畸形方面的重要性和局限性。尽管存在一定的漏诊和误诊风险,但它仍然是一种筛查和诊断胎儿结构畸形的强大的工具,有助于保障孕妇和胎儿的健康。未来的研究可以继续改进超声技术,提高准确性,并进一步探讨高危因素与胎儿畸形发生之间的关系,以更好地执行出生缺陷防控政策。

基金项目

四川省妇幼保健协会科研课题(编号22FXYB24)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Gica, N., Panaitescu, A.M., Gica, C., et al. (2022) Ultrasound Appearance of Fetal Posterior Fossa and a Case Report of Prenatal Diagnosis of Dandy-Walker Malformation. Maedica (Bucur), 17, 505-508.
[2] Adams, N.C., Victoria, T., Oliver, E.R., Moldenhauer, J.S., Adzick, N.S. and Colleran, G.C. (2020) Fetal Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Im-aging: A Primer on How to Interpret Prenatal Lung Lesions. Pediatric Radiology, 50, 1839-1854.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04806-x
[3] Zhang, S., Wang, J., Han, J., et al. (2023) Prenatal Ultrasound Findings, Genetic Testing, and Literature Review of Isolated Left Subclavian Artery. Echocardiography, 40, 732-738.
https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.15577
[4] Christensen, D., Pazol, K., Overwyk, K.J., et al. (2023) Prenatal Ultra-sound Use and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Findings from the Case-Control Study to Explore Early Development. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 37, 527-535.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12998
[5] 中华医学会超声医学分会妇产超声学组, 国家卫生健康委妇幼司全国产前诊断专家组医学影像组. 超声产前筛查指南[J]. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2022, 31(1): 1-12.
[6] Rossi, A.C. and Prefumo, F. (2017) Correlation between Fetal Autopsy and Prenatal Diagnosis by Ultrasound: A Systematic Review. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproduc-tive Biology, 210, 201-206.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.12.024
[7] Tonni, G., Peixoto, A.B., Werner, H., et al. (2023) Ultrasound and Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Clinical Performance in the Prenatal Diagnosis of Orofacial Clefts and Mandib-ular Abnormalities. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 51, 346-361.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.23403
[8] Simonyi, A., Eros, F.R., Hajdu, J. and Beke, A. (2021) Effectiveness of Fetal Ultrasound Diagnostics in Cardiac Malformations and Association with Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery, 11, 2994-3004.
https://doi.org/10.21037/qims-20-823
[9] Yang, L., Chen, H., Li, F., Liao, J. and Lin, X. (2022) The Sonographic Features of Malformation in Fetal Echogenic Bowel and Its Relationship with Chromosome Abnormalities. Ultrasound Quarterly, 38, 284-290.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000609
[10] Wang, B., Li, J. and Yin, J. (2019) Diagnostic Value of Echocardiography in Fetal Cardiac Malformation and Clinical Classification. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 18, 1595-1600.
https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7732
[11] Caro-Domínguez, P., Victoria, T., Ciet, P., et al. (2023) Prenatal Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Therapeutic Options for Fetal Thoracic Anomalies: A Pictorial Essay. Pediatric Radiology, 53, 2106-2119.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-023-05681-y
[12] Zhang, N., Dong, H., Wang, P., Wang, Z., Wang, Y. and Guo, Z. (2020) The Value of Obstetric Ultrasound in Screening Fetal Nervous System Malformation. World Neurosurgery, 138, 645-653.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.014
[13] Zhang, M., Chen, J., Zhang, H., Guo, Y. and Zhang, Q. (2023) Prenatal Ultrasound Monitoring and Diagnostic Accuracy Rates of Fetal Congenital Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Af-rican Journal of Reproductive Health, 27, 33-40.
[14] Cho, H.J., Jung, E.J., Byun, J.M., et al. (2018) Thrombosed Fe-tal Dural Sinus Malformation: Correlation between Prenatal Ultrasound and Autopsy Findings. Fetal and Pediatric Pa-thology, 37, 287-295.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15513815.2018.1478473
[15] Santos, X.M., Papanna, R., Johnson, A., et al. (2010) The Use of Combined Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Detection of Fetal Anomalies. Prenatal Diagnosis, 30, 402-407.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.2481
[16] Lian, X., Xu, Z., Zheng, L., et al. (2021) Reference Range of Fetal Thorax Using Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Ultrasound VOCAL Technique and Application in Fetal Thoracic Malformations. BMC Medical Imaging, 21, Article No. 34.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-021-00548-w